This paper proposes the Principles of Matter or Laws of Unity as a unified framework for understanding gravity, inertia, and the formation of physical structures across all scales. In this model, matter organises into hierarchical unities through two intrinsic forms of energy: sharing-energy (Es) and excess-energy (Ee). Together they cause the generalised inertia or unity force (Fu = Es + Ee), in which Es causes an active and constant pull toward a unity centre as inertia-at-rest or gravity or weight, and Ee produces inertia-in-motion or heat. This approach challenges the foundations of relativity by asserting that matter moves only relative to its unity centre. The paper applies the Principles of Matter to atomic structure, electricity, photonic behaviour, nuclear fusion, planetary motion, and galactic organisation, arguing that unity force or inertia is the single fundamental force underlying all natural forces. The model further explains galaxies as ultimate unities centred on black holes in which potential-energy fully converts to sharing-energy, producing infinite pull. A measurement method-the Breaking-point Excess-energy Method-is proposed to quantify inertia-at-rest (gravity) based on the minimum energy required to break a unity, with an optional empirical mass-distance equation for estimation. Overall, the Principles of Matter provide a cohesive reinterpretation of natural forces, energy transfer, and cosmic structure formation.
Matter keeps its internal potential-energy (Ep) and sharing-energy (Es) as a (part of a) unity, until being forced out of the unity by external excess-energy (Ee >= Es) as a free particle. Matter shows its sharing-energy (Es) as gravity (F) or weight (W) or inertia-at-rest to its unity centre: Es = F = W. Unity force or inertia (Fu = Es + Ee) is matter’s tendency to be unity, expressed as attracting while energy sharing in a unity (Ee = 0), as gravity or weight or inertia-at-rest to its unity centre; or repelling while excess-energy transferring out of the unity (Ee → Ee → 0), as inertia-in-motion or heat. That is, gravity is redefined as matter’s attraction to its unity centre, caused by its sharing-energy. Inertia is redefined and generalised to matter’s unity force, caused by its sharing-energy (as inertia-at-rest or gravity) and its excess-energy (as inertia-in-motion or heat). Matter moves relative to its unity centre, as its reference point, nullifying the base of the observational reference frame [9], making relativity a misconception. In a unity, the unity forces of all the members join into the total unity force of the whole unity, concentrating on the unity centre. The concentrating process is the transferring process: each member transfers its sharing-energy (Es) as gravity (F) or weight (W) or inertia-at-rest to its unity centre constantly: Es = F = W, by itself and as a medium. For example, in a star system, each planet orbits its star, attracting while energy sharing, as gravity (F) or weight (W) or inertia-at-rest to its star. To stress again, the planets orbiting their star is not inertia-in-motion, it is only inertia-at-rest. When getting external excess-energy (Ee >= Es), particles become free with inertia-in-motion, until they bump into other particles and transfer the excess-energy, causing more inertia-in-motion as heat (radiation, including electricity or light). After transferring all the excess-energy (Ee = 0), they return or join to a unity, showing gravity or weight or inertia-at-rest. Most nuclear fusion centres with excess-energy-releasing (inertia-in-motion) form stars and planets. The rest, extra-large fusion centres with inner cores unable to release excess-energy as a repelling force, form black holes with much stronger attracting unity forces (gravities or inertia-at-rest) of their respective galaxies. Every galaxy is a unity, the ultimate unity with its ultimate unity force or inertia, with at least one black hole as the unity centre. Unity force or inertia forms the hierarchical structure of each galaxy, making the black hole as its unity centre. Under a galaxy, each star is the unity centre of the star system. Under a star system, each planet is the unity centre of its moons. Then, each atomic nucleus is the unity centre of the atom. Inside the nucleus, every proton is a unity centre. Outside the nucleus, each electron is the unity centre of the electron unity (eγ). Unity force or inertia is the fundamental force of all natural forces.