Innovations in material science, fiber technology, and textile engineering have led to a substantial evolution in healthcare textiles, which include medicinal and hygienic items. The classification, composition, functional specifications, and environmental effects of medical and protective textiles used in healthcare settings are all thoroughly covered in this paper. While surgical gowns, hats, masks, scrubs, diapers, sanitary napkins, and wipes are examples of commonly used healthcare and hygiene items, medical textiles can be broadly classified as non- implantable, implantable, and extracorporeal devices. To guarantee infection control, patient safety, and practitioner protection, key performance characteristics such as barrier qualities, comfort, breathability, absorbency, and antimicrobial functioning are crucial. In order to achieve optimal functionality, the review emphasizes the use of innovative nonwoven and composite structures, as well as natural, synthetic, and blended fibers. Environmental factors are highlighted, especially the relative advantages of reusable vs disposable products in terms of cutting down on waste, energy use, and greenhouse gas emissions. Additionally, new biodegradable materials like bamboo and plant-based fibers provide environmentally friendly substitutes for conventional sanitary hygiene products. Alongside the current difficulties in enhancing product performance, limitations are mentioned, such as accessibility, quality control, environmental burden, and cultural hurdles. In order to improve healthcare outcomes and sustainability, the analysis concludes by outlining potential future options, such as the incorporation of eco-friendly materials, antimicrobial coatings, and smart fabrics. This article offers crucial insights for researchers, producers, and healthcare professionals seeking to create safe, efficient, and ecologically conscious healthcare textiles by combining the most recent knowledge and technology advancements.