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<journal-meta>
<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher">global-journal-of-human-social-science-d-history-archaeology-anthropology</journal-id>
<journal-title-group>
<journal-title>Global Journal of Human-Social Science - D: History, Archaeology &amp; Anthropology</journal-title>
</journal-title-group>
<issn publication-format="print">0975-587X</issn>
<issn publication-format="electronic">2249-460X</issn>
<publisher><publisher-name>Global Journals Publishing Group Incorporated</publisher-name></publisher>
<self-uri xlink:href="https://globaljournals.org/journal-seo-export/jats/259389.xml" />
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<article-meta>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.34257/GJHSSD259389</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">259389</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title>Metal Artifacts from the Ravne 3 Tunnel Complex, Bosnia and Herzegovina</article-title>
<subtitle>Metal Assemblage from Ravne 3 Tunnel</subtitle>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Osmanagich</surname><given-names>Sam</given-names></name><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0009-7737-6480</contrib-id><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1" />
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="aff1">Archaeological Park: Bosnian Pyramid of the Sun Foundation, Visoko, Bosnia and Herzegovina</aff>
<pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2026-08-17">
<day>17</day>
<month>08</month>
<year>2026</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>26</volume>
<abstract><p>Excavation in the Ravne 3 tunnel, part of the Ravne underground complex near Visoko, Bosnia and Herzegovina, has produced a small metal assemblage alongside the site’s much larger ceramic record. The metal finds include an iron hooked/curved blade tool (a hedge bill or billhook type), two hand-forged iron nails, a bronze pendant with an abstract Celtic-style motif, and a group of heavily corroded bronze coins. Most of the assemblage was recovered from a raised, secondary-deposit floor zone in Chamber R3-1, alongside more than 3,100 ceramic sherds spanning the Neolithic/Eneolithic through the late medieval period. A radiocarbon date on charcoal at a dry-stone wall interface (calibrated range 261–423 CE, 95.4% probability, with 85.8% of that probability falling in 340–423 CE) anchors at least one phase of Late Roman activity in the tunnel. This paper describes the metal assemblage on its own terms, places the billhook and pendant within a wider comparative framework of Mediterranean and Roman-provincial parallels, and treats the objects as evidence of repeated, later use of a pre-existing tunnel rather than evidence for when the tunnel was first cut.</p></abstract>
<kwd-group kwd-group-type="author-generated">
<kwd>Ravne 3</kwd>
<kwd>Ravne tunnel complex</kwd>
<kwd>billhook</kwd>
<kwd>bronze pendant</kwd>
<kwd>Roman-period metalwork</kwd>
<kwd>medieval ironwork</kwd>
<kwd>multi-period tunnel use</kwd>
<kwd>Bosnian Valley.</kwd>
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<self-uri content-type="pdf" xlink:href="https://globaljournals.org:/GJHSS_Volume26/metal-artifacts-from-the-ravne-3-tunnel-complex-bosnia-and-herzegovina.pdf?v=1785309284098#" />
<self-uri content-type="html" xlink:href="https://globaljournals.org/scholarly-articles/metal-artifacts-from-the-ravne-3-tunnel-complex-bosnia-and-herzegovina/" />
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