Bangladesh’s economic development faces potential constraints arising from import dependence, energy and infrastructure limitations, foreign-exchange pressures, and institutional weaknesses. This article applies the Theory of Constraints (TOC) as a systems-based framework for identifying and addressing development bottlenecks. Using a qualitative, desk-based conceptual approach, it draws on secondary sources, including academic literature, policy documents, industry reports, and official statistics. The article examines pharmaceutical active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) dependence, energy and infrastructure challenges, and institutional barriers to policy implementation. It adapts TOC’s five focusing steps to development policy, emphasising constraint identification, targeted intervention, coordinated implementation, and continuous evaluation. The proposed framework supports more systematic policy prioritisation and resource allocation. However, the identified factors are treated as potential constraints rather than empirically verified causes of economic performance. Further research is needed to assess their relative significance and evaluate the effectiveness of proposed interventions.