Quick Response (QR) codes are two-dimensional and machine-readable matrix bar codes created by Hara Masahiro, an engineer for Denso Wave Incorporated, a Toyota subsidiary, in 1994 for accurate and fast inventory checks. QR-code was first used in Japan’s Kanban, a type of electronic communication tool used in the automotive industry (Stein, 2020). QR code was used in manufacturing and expanded to the logistics and retailing industry. In the marketing field, QR-code had been used widely to understand consumer behavior, market research, retailing, and marketing communication (Tolliver-Walker, 2011).