Objectives: This article aims to identify and characterize women of reproductive age who declare themselves infertile or having difficulty conceiving and wish to have children, their demand for infertility treatments in public and private services, and their outcomes. Methods: This study is based on the data on infertility available from PNDS 2006, a national household survey designed using complex probabilistic sampling with approximately 15.000 women of reproductive age representing the five Brazilian macro-regions. Chi-square tests were adjusted to identify associations between infertility, treatment-seeking, and sociodemographic variables. We calculate Cramer’s V to measure the strength of the association between infertility and each sociodemographic variable of interest.