I. AN ALTERNATIVE APPROACH IN GRAVITY

In which G_μν equals the Einstein Tensor, g_μν Einstein approached the interaction between gravity and light by the introduction of the "Einstein Gravitational Constant" in the 4-dimensional Energy-Stress Tensor.

In which ${\mathbf{G}}_{\mu \nu }$ equals the Einstein Tensor, ${\mathbf{g}}_{\mu \nu }$ equals the Metric Tensor, ${\mathbf{T}}_{\mu \nu }$ equals the Stress-Energy tensor, $\mathrm{\Lambda }$ equals the cosmological constant and $KK$ equals the Einstein gravitational constant.

An alternative approach to Einstein's expression with the tensor $\kappa {\mathbf{T}}_{\mu \nu }$, describing the curvature of the Space-Time continuum, is the sum of the Electromagnetic Tensor ${\mathbf{T}}_{\mu \nu }$ and the Gravitational Tensor ${\mathbf{J}}_{\mu \nu }$.

The 4-dimensional divergence of the sum of the Electromagnetic Stress-Energy tensor and the Gravitational Tensor expresses the 4-dimensional Force-Density vector (expressed in $[N/m^3]$ in the 3 spatial coordinates) as the result of Electro-Magnetic-Gravitational interaction.

In vector notation the 4-dimensional Force-Density vector can be written as:

The fundamental boundary condition for this alternative approach to gravity is the requirement that the Force 4 vector equals zero in the 4 dimensions, expressing a universal 4-dimensional equilibrium:

The 3 spatial components of the Force-Density vector, as a result of Electro-Magnetic-Gravitational interaction can be written as:

in which: ${\mu }_0(\mathrm{\nabla }.\bar{\mathrm{H}})={\rho }_M$ Magnetic Flux Density $[\mathrm{Vs}/{\mathrm{m}}^3]$ or $[\mathrm{Wb}/{\mathrm{m}}^3]$

Electric Energy Density: ${\mathrm{w}}_{\mathrm{E}}=\frac{1}{2}{\epsilon }_0{\mathrm{E}}^2$

Magnetic Energy Density: \[ w_{\mathrm{M}} = \frac{1}{2} \mu_{0} \hat{\mathrm{H}} \]

Gravitational Energy Density: ${\mathrm{w}}_{\mathrm{G}}=\frac{1}{2}{\gamma }_0{\mathrm{g}}^2$

In which E represents the electric field intensity expressed in $[\mathrm{V}/\mathrm{m}]$, H represents the magnetic field intensity expressed in $[\mathrm{A}/\mathrm{m}]$ and g represents the gravitational acceleration expressed in $[\mathrm{m}/{\mathrm{s}}^2]$. The permittivity indicated as ${\epsilon }_0$, the permeability indicated as ${\mu }_0$ and the gravitational permeability of vacuum as ${\gamma }_0$.

For curl-free gravitational fields equation (6) can be written as:

\bar{f} = \frac{1}{c^2} \frac{\partial (\bar{\mathrm{E}} \times \bar{\mathrm{H}})}{\partial t} + \varepsilon_0 \bar{\mathrm{E}} (\nabla \cdot \bar{\mathrm{E}}) - \varepsilon_0 \bar{\mathrm{E}} \times (\nabla \times \bar{\mathrm{E}}) + \\+ \mu_0 \bar{\mathrm{H}} (\nabla \cdot \bar{\mathrm{H}}) - \mu_0 \bar{\mathrm{H}} \times (\nabla \times \bar{\mathrm{H}}) + \bar{\rho} \mathrm{g}_M = \bar{0} \[\mathrm{N}/\mathrm{m}^3]

Substituting Einstein's $W=m{c}^2$ in (7) results in "Electro-Magnetic-Gravitational Equilibrium Field Equation" (8):

\bar{f} = \frac{1}{c^2} \frac{\partial (\bar{\mathrm{E}} \times \bar{\mathrm{H}})}{\partial t} + \varepsilon_0 \bar{\mathrm{E}} (\nabla \cdot \bar{\mathrm{E}}) - \varepsilon_0 \bar{\mathrm{E}} \times (\nabla \times \bar{\mathrm{E}}) + \\+ \mu_0 \bar{\mathrm{H}} (\nabla \cdot \bar{\mathrm{H}}) - \mu_0 \bar{\mathrm{H}} \times (\nabla \times \bar{\mathrm{H}}) + \frac{1}{2 c^2} \bar{\mathrm{g}} (\varepsilon \mathrm{E}^2 + \mu \mathrm{H}^2) = \bar{0} \[\mathrm{N}/\mathrm{m}^3]

The theory describes "Electromagnetic-Gravitational Interaction", "Magnetic-Gravitational Interaction" and "Electric-Gravitational Interaction". In this new theory particles do not interact with fields. The interaction between an electric charged particle and an electric field is not the interaction between a particle and a field but it is the interaction between the electric field of the particle interacting with the other electric field. Every interaction is an interaction between fields. Electric Fields interact with Electric Fields, Magnetic Fields interact with Magnetic Fields and Gravitational Fields interact with Gravitational Fields.

II. GRAVITATIONAL REDSHIFT/ BLUESHIFT IN "LIGHT (EMR)"DUE TO

"ELECTROMAGNETIC GRAVITATIONAL INTERACTION"

To test the New Theory, the Gravitational-Redshift experiment: "Test of the Gravitational Redshift with Galileo Satellites in an Eccentric Orbit" by S. Hermann et all, has been chosen [2]. In this experiment a stable "MASER" frequency from a ground station has been emitted to 2 Galileo Satellites, measuring the frequency difference between the Ground Station and the Satellites. The frequency shift has been caused by the gravitational field of the Earth and 2 satellites has been chosen to compensate for the eccentricity of the Galileo Orbit.

Assuming a gravitational field $g[z]$ depending on the radial direction in cartesian coordinates between the ground station and the satellites:

In which $G(G=6.67428{10}^{-11}{\text{Nm}}^2/{\text{kg}}^2)$ equals the Gravitational constant, $M_{\text{Earth}}$ the mass of the earth and $r$ the radial distance from the centre of the earth. The mathematical solution [5] of equation (8) for plane electromagnetic waves (expressed in cartesian $\{x,y,z\}$ coordinates) related to the Electric Field Intensity equals:

And the mathematical solution of (8) for the Magnetic Field Intensity equals:

In which ${\omega }_0$ equals the original frequency of the MASER radiation propagating in the direction of the gravitational field $g[z]$ of the Earth in the $z$ -direction. The exponential term demonstrates the Gravitational Redshift when the MASER radiation propagates in the direction of the Gravitational Field of the earth. The propagation speed of the Electromagnetic Radiation remains constant (the speed of light). But the amplitude of the field intensity and the frequency of the field intensity diminishes exponentially.

Calculations in Mathematica [5] demonstrate a difference between the calculation with General Relativity and the calculation with the New Theory. Choosing for the ground station a distance to the centre of the earth $z_1=6,378,000$ [m](Radius of the Earth) and for the average distance of the ESA satellites in a Galileo orbit $z_2=23,222,000$ [m](distance from the ESA satellite to the centre of the Earth), calculated with Mathematica, the Gravitational RedShift according General Relativity equals:

Calculated with Mathematica, the Gravitational RedShift according to the New Theory, which is a solution of equation (8) equals:

Both calculated values a within the Range of the measured gravitational RedShift by the average values of both ESA satellites in the Galileo orbit

In [2] a factor $\alpha$ has been defined which presents the measured deviation $\alpha$ between the predicted Gravitational RedShift by General Relativity and the Measured Gravitational RedShift.

A comparable factor $\alpha$ can be used to determine which theory (General Relativity or the New Theory) has the nearest approach to the experimentally measured data. Highly accurate measuring experiments are required with an accuracy higher than 16 digits beyond the decimal point.

III. BLACK HOLES

a) Black Holes without Singularities with dimensions smaller than the diameter of the Hydrogen Atom

A second fundamental solution for equation (8) describes a Gravitational Electromagnetic Confinement (BLACK HOLE) [1] within a radial gravitational field with acceleration $\bar{\mathbf{g}}$ (in radial direction). This solution represents a Black Hole, the confinement of light due to its own gravitational field, and has no singularities. This solution for equation (8) describes Black Holes, dependent of time and radius, presenting discrete spherical energy levels, within a radial gravitational field with acceleration $\bar{\mathbf{g}}$ (in radial direction) [14] has been represented in (16) and (17).

In which the radial function $f(r)$ equals:

Grepresents the Gravitational constant and Mrepresents the total confined electromagnetic mass of the BLACK HOLE. Equation (16) presents a Standing (Confined) Electromagnetic Field Configuration with a phase shift of 90 degrees between the electric field and the magnetic field with the corresponding Nodes and AntiNodes. [13]. The solution has been calculated according Newton's Shell Theorem.

Assuming a constant speed of light "c" and Planck's constant $\hslash$ within the BLACK HOLE, the radius "R" (with $n=1,2,3,4\dots$ ) of the BLACK HOLE with the energy of a proton, according $W=m_{\text{proton}}{c}^2$, would be: $1.5009211\times {10}^{-10}[\mathrm{J}]$.

Black Holes are varying from atomic dimensions with dimensions of ${10}^{-27}$ [kg], Page 39 [33] until Black Holes with dimensions of ${10}^{40}$ [kg], Page 67 [34]. At these dimensions Black Holes turn into Dark Matter. The fundamental boundary condition for the confinement of Electromagnetic radiation (BLACK

HOLEs) is that the energy flow (Poynting vector) $\bar{\mathbf{S}}=\bar{\mathbf{E}}\times \bar{\mathbf{H}}$ equals zero at the surface of the confinement. This is possible at every "90 degrees Phase Shift Surface" (Sphere) between the Electric Field and the Magnetic Field.

b) Black Holes with a Singular point and Large dimensions

Fig 1 represents a Black Hole with a mass of ${10}^{35}$ [kg] and a radius of about 25 [km] controlled by a different mahgematical solution for equation (8). The radius of the Black Hole equals about 25 [km] which has been controlled by a different mathematical solution (19) for equation (8).

Fig. 1: The Energy Density $[\mathrm{J}/{\mathrm{m}}^3]$ as a function of the Radius $R=max{10}^7[\mathrm{m}]$ of the Black Hole

Fig. 2: The Energy Density $[\mathrm{J}/{\mathrm{m}}^3]$ as a function of the Radius $R=max{10}^5[\mathrm{m}]$

Figure 1 and Figure 2 demonstrate the large effect of "Gravitational Intensity Shift" and "Gravitational RedShift" at the distance of 25 [km]. Over a distance of 10.000 [km] the intensity of the emitted light of the Black Hole with a mass of ${10}^{35}$ [kg] falls back with a factor of ${10}^{-51}$. Also the frequency of the emitted light of the Black Hole falls back with a factor ${10}^{-51}$. Emitted light in the visible spectrum of ${10}^{14}$ [Hz] falls back to a frequency of

${10}^{-37}[\mathrm{Hz}]$. These extreme low frequencies with extreme low intensities have never been measured which has result in the name "Black Hole" for the phenomenon of "Gravitational Intensity Shift" and "Gravitational RedShift" for a large mass. It follows from equation (8) and the solutions (10) and (11) that the speed of light does not change inside and around Black Hole. Only the direction of the propagation of light can change due to a gravitational field.

c) Dark Matter in the Universe controlled by "Gravitational Shielding"

Fig 3 represents Dark Matter with a total mass of ${10}^{53}$ [kg] and a radius of about 10 times the size of the Milky Way Galaxy. The radius of the dark mass equals $5\cdot {10}^{21}[\mathrm{m}]$ which has been controlled by a different mathematical solution (20) for equation (8).

Fig. 3: The Energy Density $[\mathrm{J}/{\mathrm{m}}^3]$ as a function of the Radius $R=max{10}^{25}[\mathrm{m}]$ of the Dark Matter

Fig. 4: The Energy Density $[\mathrm{J}/{\mathrm{m}}^3]$ of the Dark Matter as a function of the Radius $R=max{10}^{22}$ [m]

Figure 3 and Figure4demonstrate the large effect of "Gravitational Intensity Shift" and "Gravitational RedShift" at the distance of $5{10}^{21}$ [m] which is 10 times the radius of the Milky Way Galaxy. Over the distance of $5{10}^{21}$ [m] the intensity of the emitted light of the Dark Matter with a mass of ${10}^{53}$ [kg] falls back with a factor of ${10}^{-261}$. Also the frequency of the emitted light of the Black Hole falls back with a factor ${10}^{-261}$. Emitted light in the visible spectrum of ${10}^{14}$ [Hz] falls back to a frequency of ${10}^{-247}$ [Hz]. These extreme low frequencies with extreme low intensities have never been measured which has result in the name "Dark Matter" for the phenomenon of "Gravitational Intensity Shift" and "Gravitational RedShift" for an extreme large mass. It follows from equation (8) and the solutions (10) and (11) that the speed of light does not change inside and around the Dark Mass. Only the direction of the propagation of light can change due to the gravitational field of the Dark Mass.

IV. THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN BLACK HOLES AND QUANTUM PHYSICS

Introducing the Quantum Vector Function $\bar{\varphi }$,

Substituting (21) in (16) results in the quantum presentation for the BLACK HOLE:

With "K" a constant value dependend of the mass of the BLACK HOLE. The Dot product between the unit vector and the Quantum Vector Function $\bar{\varphi }$ represents the quantum mechanical probability function $\mathrm{\Psi }[r,t]$ which is a fundamental solution of the Schrödinger Wave Equation.

The Scalar function $\mathrm{\Psi }[r,t]$ represents a fundamental solution of the Quantum Mechanical Schrödinger wave equation. [36, 37]

a) Black Holes with Discrete Spherical Energy Levels at Sub-Atomic dimensions

An essential requirement for the confinement of Electromagnetic Energy is that the Poymtingvector equals zero at the (spherical) surface of the confinement. For the confinement within a sphere, a standing electromagnetic wave pattern has been required which exists of concentric spheres, at every sphere an antinodal plane for E (or B) with a radius distance between each sphere of half the wavelength of the confinement. The constant $k=n\pi \lambda$, "n" a natural number(1,2,3,4....) and $\lambda$ the wavelength.

i. Time and Radius dependent Black Holes with discrete Energy Levels. The confinements of Electromagnetic Radiation within spherical Regions

Every concentric sphere represents an anti-nodal surface for the Electric Field (E) or the Magnetic Field (H). The Poynting Vector $\hat{\mathbf{S}}=\bar{\mathbf{E}}\times \bar{\mathbf{H}}$ at this spherical surface equals zero at any time and at any location at this sphere. The Electromagnetic Energy remains always within this sphere and the next concentric sphere. The concentric spheres have a difference in radius of one half wavelength of the electromagnetic radition within the confinement and a different discrete energy level. Every concentric sphere represents an anti-nodal surface of the electric field or the magnetic field.

Fig. 6: Nodal- and Antinodal Spheres ( $k=3$ ) for Standing (Confined) Spherical Electromagnetic waves with a 90 degrees phase shift between the Electric field and the Magnetic field. Equation (9)

Equation (24) describes a Time and Radius dependent BLACK HOLE.

Equation (20) represents by the function $\mathrm{Sin}[\mathrm{k}\mathrm{r}](\mathrm{k}=1,2,3,4\dots )$ the confinement of electro-magnetic radiation between two concentric spheres. K represents the amplitude of the Electric/Magnetic Field Intensity. [14]

ii. Time and Polar Angle dependent Black Holes

Equation (25) describes a Time and "Polar Angle" dependent BLACK HOLE

Equation (19) represents by the function $\mathrm{Sin}[\mathbf{m}\theta ](\mathfrak{m}=1,2,3,4\dots )$ the confinement of electromagnetic radiation between two Polar Angular Regions [15].

iii. Time and Azimuthal Angular dependent Black Holes

Equation (26) describes a Time and "Polar Angle" dependent BLACK HOLE

Equation (26) represents by the function $\mathbf{Sin}[\mathbf{n}\phi ]$ $(n=1,2,3,4\dots )$ the confinement of electromagnetic radiation between two Azimuthal Angular Regions [16].

iv. Time, Polar- and Azimuthal Angular dependent Black Holes

Equation (27) describes a Time "Azimuthal Angle" and "Polar Angle" dependent BLACK HOLE

Equation (27) represents by the function $\mathbf{Cos}[\mathbf{n}\phi ]$ $(n=1,2,3,4\dots )$ and $\mathbf{Sin}[\mathbf{m}\phi ]$ $(m=1,2,3,4\dots )$ the confinement of electromagnetic radiation between two Azimuthal Angular Regions and two Polar Angular Regions [17].

v. Spherical Confinement of Light between two Concentric Spheres within Black Holess

Equation (18) represents the reflection of the Confined Electromagnetic Energy within the BLACK HOLE between two concentric spheres while the speed of light, depending on the variable "r", changes in direction with the frequency of the confined light (Electromagnetic Radiation).

A BLACK HOLE can split into two new BLACK HOLEs with different radii. The original BLACK HOLE falls back into a lower energy level while the new BLACK HOLE represents the difference in Energy Levels comparable with an atom falling back into a lower energy level.

Spherical Confinement of Light between two Concenctric Spheres Fig. 12: Nodal- and Antinodal Regions for Standing (Confined) Electromagnetic within two concentric spheres. Equation (18)

V. UNIVERSAL EQUILIBRIUM IN THE "CONCEPT OF QUANTUM MECHANICAL PROBABILITY" IN "THE NEW THEORY"

The 4-dimensional notation for the divergence of the Stress-Energy Tensor (25) expresses in the $4^{\text{th}}$ dimension (time dimension) the law of Conservation of Energy". For an Electromagnetic Field the law for conservation of Energy has been expressed as:

From the equation for the "Conservation of Electromagnetic Energy"(38.1) the "Fundamental Equation for Confined Electromagnetic Interaction" in "The New Theory" will be derived, which equals the Relativistic Quantum Mechanical "Dirac" equation and the Schrödinger wave equation at velocities relative low compared to the speed of light.

The "Fundamental Equation for Confined Electromagnetic Interaction" in "The Proposed Theory" can be considered to be the relativistic version of the Quantum Mechanical Schrödinger wave equation, which equals the Quantum Mechanical Dirac Equation.

a) Confined Electromagnetic Energy within a 4-dimensional Equilibrium

The physical concept of quantum mechanical probability waves has been created during the famous 1927 $5^{\text{th}}$ Solvay Conference. During that period there were several circumstances which came just together and made it possible to create a unique idea of "Material Waves"(Solutions of Schödinger's wave equation) being complex (partly real and partly imaginary) and describing the probability of the appearance of a physical object (elementary particle) generally indicated as "Quantum Mechanical Probability Waves".

The idea of complex (probability) waves is directly related to the concept of confined (standing) waves. Characteristic for any standingacoustical wave is the fact that the Velocity and the Pressure (Electric Field and Magnetic Field in QLT) are always shifted over 90 degrees. The same principle does exist for the standing (confined) electromagnetic waves, For that reason every confined (standing) electromagnetic wave can be described by a complex sum vector $\bar{\varphi }$ of the Electric Field Vector $\bar{\mathbf{E}}$ and the Magnetic Field Vector $\bar{\mathbf{B}}$ ( $\bar{\mathbf{E}}$ has 90 degrees phase shift compared to $\bar{\mathbf{B}}$ ).

The vector functions $\overline{\varphi }$ and the complex conjugated vector function ${\overline{\varphi }}^{\ast }$ will be written as:

$\bar{\mathbf{B}}$ equals the magnetic induction, $\bar{\mathbf{E}}$ the electric field intensity ( $\bar{\mathbf{E}}$ has + 90 degrees phase shift compared to $\bar{\mathbf{B}}$ ) and c the speed of light.

The complex conjugated vector function $\overline{{\varphi }^{\ast }}$ equals:

The dot product equals the electromagnetic energy density $w$:

Using Einstein's equation $W=m{c}^2$, the dot product equals the electromagnetic mass density $w$:

The cross product is proportional to the Poynting vector (Ref. 3, page 202, equation 15).

This article presents a new "Gravitational-Electromagnetic Equation" describing Electromagnetic Field Configurations which are simultaneously the Mathematical Solutions for the Scalar Quantum Mechanical "Schrodinger Wave Equation" and more exactly the Mathematical Solutions for the Tensor representation of the "Relativistic Quantum Mechanical Dirac Equation" (41).

The 4-dimensional divergence of the sum of the Electromagnetic Stress-Energy tensor expresses the 4-dimensional Force-Density vector (expressed in $[\mathrm{N}/{\mathrm{m}}^3]$ in the 3 spatial coordinates) as the result of Electro-Magnetic-Gravitational interaction.

In vector notation the 4-dimensional Force-Density vector can be written as:

The fundamental boundary condition for this alternative approach to gravity is the requirement that the Force 4 vector equals zero in the 4 dimensions, expressing a universal 4-dimensional equilibrium:

The 3 spatial components of the Force-Density vector, as a result of Electro-Magnetic-Gravitational interaction can be written as:

Substituting the electromagnetic values for the electric field intensity "E" and the magnetic field intensity "H" in (36) results in the 4-dimensional representation of the Electro-Magnetic-Gravitational Fields Equation (37):

3-Dimensional Space Domain

In which $f_1,f_2,f_3$ represent the force densities in the 3 spatial dimensions and $f_4$ represent the force density (energy flow) in the time dimension ( $4^{\text{th}}$ dimension). Equation (37) can be written as:

Energy-Time Domain

Conservation of Energy

B-7

3-Dimensional Space Domain

B-1

B-2

B-3

(38.2) (38)

The $4^{\text{th}}$ term in equation (38.1) can be written in the terms of the Poynting vector "S" and the energy density "w" representing the electromagnetic law for the conservation of energy (Newton's second law of motion).

b) The 4-dimensional Relativistic Dirac Equation

Substituting (32) and (34) in Equation (38.1) results in The 4-Dimensional Tensor presentation for the relativistic quantum mechanical Dirac Equation (39):

To transform the electromagnetic vector wave function $\varphi$ into a scalar (spinor or one-dimensional matrix representation), the Pauli spin matrices $\sigma$ and the following matrices (Ref. 3 page 213, equation 99) are introduced:

The Equations (6), (32) and (34) can be written in tensor presentation as the 4-Dimensional Relativistic Quantum Mechanical Dirac Equation: [3](Equation 102, page 213)

VI. THE FUNDAMENTAL EXPERIMENT TO VALIDATE THE NEW THEORY IN PHYSICS

The fundamental foundation for Einstein's Theory of General Relativity is the "Curvature of Space and Time" due to a Gravitational Field. In the "Theory of General Relativity" Gravitational RedShift has been explained by a change in time and space resulting in a change in the observed frequency shift in the spectrum of the light being emitted by far away Galaxies. The foundation for Einstein's theory of General Relativity is a constant value for the speed of light in the absence of a gravitational field.

In the "New Theory" the fundamental foundation is "Equilibrium". Equilibrium for the "5 fundamental force densities in light" in any direction at any time and at any location. The 5 fundamental forces in light are:

1. "Inertia Force" (Energy has always inertia according Einstein's $E=m{c}^2$
2. "Electric Force"
3. "Magnetic Force"
4. "Electric Force" due to the "Lorentz Transformation" of the "Magnetic Force"
5. "Magnetic Force" due to the "Lorentz Transformation" of the "Electric Force"

The speed of light has been fully controlled by the perfect equilibrium between the 5 fundamental force densities in any direction at any time and at any location.

For a single beam of light the perfect equilibrium between the 5 fundamental forces always results in the speed of light:

However in this experiment 3 beams of light with the same frequency and the same phase and 3 controllable (LPA) different intensities K1, K2 and K3 will cross each other in 3 orthogonal directions. This will result in different boundary conditions for the total electromagnetic radiation and will be measurable by a changing in the speed of light. In this experiment by a changing of the speed of light in the chosen $z$ -direction. The changing of the speed of light will become visible by a change in the interference patterns of the 2 LASER beams. The original beam and the manipulated beam.

The solution for equation (8) has been calculated in Mathematica when 3 laser beams cross each other perpendicular and will cause a change in the speed of light within the intersection of the 3 crossing Laser Beams due to Electromagnetic Interaction. According the calculations in Mathematica 11.3 at the exact "location dependent speed of lightc[x,y,z]" there will be a perfect equilibrium between all the electromagnetic- inertia- and radiation pressure force densities at any time in any direction:

The result in equation (43) has been presented in Ref [39]. The change in the speed of light in the cross section will become visible in the interference patterns on screen 1 and screen 2 by changing the intensity of the secondary and third LASER beams by the two "LASER Power Attenuators" (indicated in blue) after passing the beamsplitter(s).

Technical Setup for the Experiment to demonstrate that the speed of light will change in the area of Electromagnetic Interaction

VII. CONCLUSIONS

Based on the assumption of the zero rest mass of photons, General Relativity describes the interaction between Gravity and Light within a 4-dimensional curvature in Space and Time due to a gravitational field. Light follows a path defined by this curved 4-dimensional Space and Time geometry.

The new theory, describes a bi-directional separation between mass and inertia for light (photons). Inertia can only exist only in the direction of propagation of the beam of light (photons) which determines the speed of light. Mass of the beam of light (photons) can only exist in the plane perpendicular to the direction of propagation (directions of confinement), which determines the deflection of a beam of light (photons) by a gravitational field in the plane perpendicular to the direction of propagation.

BLACK HOLEs (Gravitational-Electromagnetic Confinements) are fundamental solutions of the relativistic quantum mechanical Dirac equation. Black Holes represent the large impact of "Gravitational Intensity Shift" and "Gravitational RedShift" due to a gravitational field. Both phenomena can maybe observed in the future with extremely sensitive observatories at extreme low frequency levels.

The new theory describes the impact of "CURL" [38] within the gravitational fields around Black Holes and the impact on Gravitational Lensing. Gravitational "CURL" (Equation 6) is an effect which cannot be explained and calculated by General Relativity

Within a 4-Dimensional Equilibrium and taking into account the inertia- and the gravitational- force densities within the electromagnetic field configurations, Gravitational Electromagnetic Confinements (BLACK HOLEs at sub-atomic dimensions) are a physical reality and are solutions of the Relativistic Quantum Mechanical Dirac Equation (39, 41) and present spherical confinements with discrete separate energy levels.

To test the proposed theory with General Relativity, an experiment [2] has been required which measures the interaction between gravity and light within a well-defined gravitational field like the gravitational field of the earth. The difference between the calculation for Gravitational RedShift, within the Gravitational Field of the Earth, in "General Relativity" and "The New Theory" is smaller than ${10}^{-16}$ and cannot be determined with present observation equipment (maximum accuracy of ${10}^{-15}$ for GRS). Validation of both theories requires higher accuracies.

Dark Matter does exist because of "Gravitational RedShift" and Gravitational Intensity Shift". A complete Galaxy, existing of billions bright light emitting star constellations, with a total mass of ${10}^{53}$ [kg] becomes invisible for any observatory like the "James Webb Space Telescope" at the distance of $5\times {10}^{21}$ [m](which is 10 times the radius of the Milky Way Galaxy). This distance of "Gravitational Shielding" has been controlled by the mathematical solution (20) for equation (8). The gravitational field of these Galaxies has not been effected by the effect of "Gravitational RedShift" and "Gravitational IntensityShift" at all.

For this reason a large percentage of the total mass in the Universe beyond te border of "Gravitational Shielding" becomes invisible for our observatories on and close around the earth. While the gravitational fields of these galaxies still has the full influence on our universe.

The results of the experiment to test the new theory and evaluate these experimental values cannot be published yet because the many results of the experim. has to be tested and controlled by a large number of scientific institutes before any important conclusion can be drawn form this experiment. The observed fluctuations in the interference patterns can have many reasons and this fundamental experiment has to be done and evaluated by scientific teams worldwide.

a) Data Availability

All Data and Calculations have been published at:

https://quantumlight.science/