Impact of GDP and HDI on Military Expenditures: Survey and Evidence from Dynamic Panel Data Model

Mahmoud Mourad; Adel Amin El-Mourawed; Firas Mourad

Impact of GDP and HDI on Military Expenditures: Survey and Evidence from Dynamic Panel Data Model

Mahmoud Mourad * §

Contact

Adel Amin El-Mourawed

Contact

Firas Mourad

Contact

mmrad

Contact

adel.mourawed

Contact

§ Lebanese University

Impact of GDP and HDI on Military Expenditures: Survey and Evidence from Dynamic Panel Data Model

Article Fingerprint

ReserarchID

H5B78

Impact of GDP and HDI on Military Expenditures: Survey and Evidence from Dynamic Panel Data Model Banner

AI TAKEAWAY

Connecting with the Eternal Ground

Abstract

This study investigates the impact of Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and Human Development Index (HDI) on the Military Expenditures (ME) in 116 countries in the world. First, a rich descriptive statistical analysis is performed for the global time series associated with the GDP and ME for the 116 countries as well as for all the countries in the world. The ratio of ME to GDP has also been analyzed using descriptive statistics. An in-depth graphical analysis is developed by arranging the 116 countries in increasing order from smallest to largest HDI. We classified these 116 countries into four groups according to the four HDI levels. Second, the optimum orders of the DPD model are selected, where all variables are taken in natural logarithm and using the automatic criteria, AIC, BIC, and HQ. By changing the instruments each time, it has been possible to propose the DPD (2, 0, 2) model in first difference form. Third, dealing with the Arellano-Bond (AB) 1-step and 2-step estimators, a study of the determination of valid instruments and the two GMM steps were presented to make the subject more understandable. Finally, the (AB) estimators have been executed, and the findings reveal an immediate positive impact of GDP on military expenditures, while an indirect HDI effect was observed but delayed for two years.

References

18 Cites in Article

Reference Format

(2009). Unknown Title.
T Anderson,Cheng Hsiao (1982). Formulation and estimation of dynamic models using panel data.
M Arellano (2018). What does the Arellano-Bond estimator do? Class Notes Manuel Arellano September 20.
Manuel Arellano,Stephen Bond (1991). Some Tests of Specification for Panel Data: Monte Carlo Evidence and an Application to Employment Equations.
Manuel Arellano,Olympia Bover (1995). Another look at the instrumental variable estimation of error-components models.
M Arellano (2002). Sargan's Instrumental Variables Estimation and the Generalized Method of Moments.
Richard Blundell,Stephen Bond (1998). Initial conditions and moment restrictions in dynamic panel data models.
S Bond (2002). Dynamic panel data models: a guide to micro data methods and practice.
Maurice Bun,Vasilis Sarafidis (2012). Dynamic Panel Data Models.
F Gervásio (2013). Fuel demand in Brazil in a dynamic panel data approach.
W Greene (2008). Econometric Analysis.
Lars Hansen (1982). Large Sample Properties of Generalized Method of Moments Estimators.
Cheng Hsiao,Qiankun Zhou (2017). Jive for Panel Dynamic Simultaneous Equations Models.
G Imbens,J Angrist,A Krueger (1999). Jackknife Instrumental Variables Estimation.
Jan Kiviet,Milan Pleus,Rutger Poldermans (2017). Accuracy and Efficiency of Various GMM Inference Techniques in Dynamic Micro Panel Data Models.
K Kholodilin,B Siliverstovs,S Kooths (2008). A Dynamic Panel Data Approach to the Forecasting of the GDP of German Länder.
Mahmoud Mourad,Bilal Nehme (2019). Economic Determinants Affecting Military Expenditures : Panel Data Analysis.
Elias Oikarinen,Janne Engblom (2016). Differences in housing price dynamics across cities: A comparison of different panel model specifications.

Download References

Funding

No external funding was declared for this work.

Conflict of Interest

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Ethical Approval

No ethics committee approval was required for this article type.

Data Availability

Not applicable for this article.

How to Cite This Article

Mahmoud Mourad, Adel Amin El-Mourawed, Firas Mourad, mmrad. 2019. "Impact of GDP and HDI on Military Expenditures: Survey and Evidence from Dynamic Panel Data Model". Global Journal of Science Frontier Research - F: Mathematics & Decision GJSFR-F Volume 19 (GJSFR Volume 19 Issue F2).

More Citation Formats

Select Citation Style:

Download Citation

GJSFR Volume 19 Issue F2

Explore Journals Explore Volume Read This Issue

Journal Specifications

Crossref Journal DOI 10.17406/GJSFR

Print ISSN 0975-5896

e-ISSN 2249-4626

Keywords

Not Found

Classification

GJSFR-F Classification MSC 2010: 62N01

Submission ReceivedMarch 26, 2019
Peer Review Double Blind
Handling Editor
Accepted April 18, 2019
Published May 1, 2019

Version of record

v1.2

Issue date

May 29, 2019

Language

English

Experiance in AR

Explore published articles in an immersive Augmented Reality environment. Our platform converts research papers into interactive 3D books, allowing readers to view and interact with content using AR and VR compatible devices.

View in VR

Read in 3D

Your published article is automatically converted into a realistic 3D book. Flip through pages and read research papers in a more engaging and interactive format.

View in 3D

Article Matrices

Total Score: 147

Country: Lebanon

Subject: Global Journal of Science Frontier Research

Authors: Mahmoud Mourad, Adel Amin El-Mourawed, Firas Mourad (PhD/Dr. count: 0)

View Count (all-time): 291

Total Views (Real + Logic): 908

Total Downloads (simulated): 53

Publish Date: 2019 05, Wed

Monthly Totals (Real + Logic):

Month 1: 42 views
Month 2: 46 views
Month 3: 49 views
Month 4: 31 views
Month 5: 32 views
Month 6: 22 views
Month 7: 25 views
Month 8: 46 views
Month 9: 20 views
Month 10: 20 views
Month 11: 32 views
Month 12: 24 views
Month 13: 43 views
Month 14: 34 views
Month 15: 22 views
Month 16: 33 views
Month 17: 32 views
Month 18: 36 views
Month 19: 23 views
Month 20: 14 views
Month 21: 43 views
Month 22: 38 views
Month 23: 31 views
Month 24: 15 views
Month 25: 34 views
Month 26: 26 views
Month 27: 34 views
Month 28: 37 views
Month 29: 27 views
Month 30: 29 views
Month 31: 39 views
Month 32: 33 views
Month 33: 37 views
Month 34: 27 views
Month 35: 23 views
Month 36: 31 views
Month 37: 31 views
Month 38: 45 views
Month 39: 41 views
Month 40: 13 views
Month 41: 28 views
Month 42: 31 views
Month 43: 36 views
Month 44: 19 views
Month 45: 40 views
Month 46: 30 views
Month 47: 18 views
Month 48: 34 views
Month 49: 47 views
Month 50: 35 views
Month 51: 16 views
Month 52: 17 views
Month 53: 30 views
Month 54: 43 views
Month 55: 26 views
Month 56: 48 views
Month 57: 37 views
Month 58: 20 views
Month 59: 20 views
Month 60: 44 views
Month 61: 49 views
Month 62: 37 views
Month 63: 31 views
Month 64: 25 views
Month 65: 38 views
Month 66: 19 views
Month 67: 39 views
Month 68: 21 views
Month 69: 30 views
Month 70: 23 views
Month 71: 31 views
Month 72: 49 views
Month 73: 44 views
Month 74: 29 views
Month 75: 28 views
Month 76: 44 views
Month 77: 21 views
Month 78: 24 views
Month 79: 18 views
Month 80: 44 views
Month 81: 46 views
Month 82: 45 views
Month 83: 21 views
Month 84: 32 views
Month 85: 29 views
Month 86: 41 views
Month 87: 31 views
Month 88: 45 views
Month 89: 41 views

Total Views: 908

Total Downloads: 53

All Trends