COVID-19 was declared a pandemic by the World Health Organization (WHO) in January 2020. Considering its unprecedented mortality and morbidity, a global lockdown was imposed worldwide which resulted in the halt of all economic and social activity. Most countries including India applied strict prevention and control measures to control the spread of COVID-19, which include general lockdown, obligatory home quarantine, a ban on public gatherings, international flight restrictions, etc. In this regard a KAP analysis was conducted to understand the public knowledge, reactions, adherence to, and acceptance of measures for protection against COVID-19 during first and second wave of Covid 19. Individuals above the age of 15 years were selected as the sample. The data were collected during both waves of the COVID-19 pan India from 500 respondents using a self-administered questionnaire in Google form. The results revealed that the majority of the respondents were knowledgeable regarding the spread, prevention and control of the COVID virus. Most of the respondents had positive attitude regarding control measures imposed by the government which was consistent with their attitude and practices during first wave. However, a negative change in the attitude of the respondents and practices despite rise in knowledge indicates the role of compelling variables like economic crisis, emotional crisis and individual’s reduced functioning.
## I. INTRODUCTION
On 31, December 2019, The World Health Organization (WHO) reported the occurrence of an unknown virus causing respiratory problems. The virus was later named by the International Committee as Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Corona virus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) that causes COVID-19 or the Corona virus disease (Li et.al., 2020). Considering unprecedented mortality and morbidity due to COVID-19 and its impact on humankind, WHO declared it as a serious public health emergency of international concern on January 30, 2020 (Zhu et. al., 2020). Since then, COVID-19 has taken a heavy toll on the world, claiming many lives. The virus spreads between humans by coughing discharge that contaminates the surfaces. It can also be highly transmitted by asymptomatic individuals during the virus incubation period. The virus can last on surfaces up to 5 days depending on the type of surfaces, although infected people may be asymptomatic, others may develop flu-like symptoms including fever and coughing, which may deteriorate in some cases (Rothan and Reddy 2020).
To prevent the infection socially, a global lockdown was imposed worldwide which resulted in the halt of all economic and social activity. Most countries applied strict prevention and control measures to control the spread of COVID-19, which include general lockdown, obligatory home quarantine, a ban on public gatherings, international flight restrictions, etc. Also, effective preventive measures were recommended to the public including hand washing, social distancing, mask-wearing, respiratory hygiene (covering mouth and nose while coughing or sneezing), household ventilation and disinfection, and reduction of interpersonal contacts by avoiding visiting crowded spaces (WHO,2020).
India, being one of the largest democratic countries in the world and home to 138 crore people, had its first case as early as 30th January 2020 in the Kerala state (Andrews et. al. 2020). Subsequently, the number of cases drastically rose. On 22 March, 2020 the Indian Government imposed a nationwide lockdown to curb the rising cases of Corona virus. An estimated of 32 lakh people died of Covid-19 from June 1, 2020 to July 2021 in India (The Tribune, 2022). Daily cases peaked mid September 2020 with over 90,000 cases per day dropping to below 15,000 in January 2021. Second wave began in March 2021, was much more devastating than the first with shortage of beds, hospitals, vaccines, oxygen cylinders etc. in different parts of the country. On $30^{\text{th}}$ April 2021, India became the first country to report over 400,000 new cases in 24 hours period.
Amidst pandemics, educating, engaging, and mobilizing the public to become active participants help achieve public health emergency preparedness, reducing the overall population's vulnerability (Lee and You, 2020). Distributing proper information can not only guide society through such events but can also increase epidemic preparedness that might occur in the future. On the other side, negative attitudes and practices towards new infectious diseases can aggravate epidemics which may eventually result in pandemics (Alahdal,2020).When people collectively engage in preventive behaviors, including practicing personal hygiene and maintaining social distance, it is possible to control the spread of the disease. Individual behaviors may dramatically decrease morbidity and mortality rates of COVID-19 (Anderson et.al. 2020). The knowledge, awareness, and practice (KAP) studies, helps to understand the public knowledge, reactions, adherence to, and acceptance of measures that affect psychologically, socially, and physically the daily life of people (Rugarabamu et. al., 2020). The information improves the awareness level of the citizens as well as encourage positive attitudes, which could help in the fight against COVID-19 and similar future threats (Gupta et.al., 2020). Keeping in view the above scenario the present study was conducted to assess the difference in the knowledge and attitude of the people regarding Covid-19 as well the practice adopted by the Indians to fight against the disease during first two waves.
## II. METHODS AND MATERIALS
The study was based on data collected from 500 respondents selected from different zones of India namely North, South, Central, East and West during the years 2020 and 2021. For the study, a web based survey was conducted to evaluate public's knowledge, attitudes, and practices during the COVID-19 epidemic, using a self-administered questionnaire in Google form. Individuals above the age of 15 years were selected as the sample. The questionnaire consisted of four parts. The first part covered the demographic profile of the respondents. The second part was about the knowledge of the respondents about COVID-19. Attitude of the respondents regarding COVID-19was seen in the third part and lastly COVID appropriate practices adopted by the respondents were noted in the fourth part.
Respondents' knowledge about COVID-19 was assessed using a self-structured questionnaire consisting thirteen questions regarding the symptoms, prevention and control of the disease comprising of 6 negative and 7 positive statements. The responses were recorded under three categories as "true", "false" and "I don't know" with score of 3, 2 and 1 respectively for positive statements. The scoring was reversed for the negative statements. The attitude of the respondents was measured using a three point rating scale consisting of 6 statements, the response of which were recorded as "Agree", "Neutral" and "Disagree" with score of 3,2 and 1 respectively for positive statements. The scoring was reversed for the negative statements. To curb the spread of the virus Government suggested several practices for the people to follow. In this regard 10 statements were developed to test the adherence of the population to those practices. The responses were recorded as 'Always', 'Often', 'Sometimes' and 'Never' with the score of 4, 3, 2, and 1 respectively.
Social media platforms such as Facebook, What's App etc., were used to disseminate the questionnaire which was accessible by clicking on the link. The respondents were requested to click on the link and fill in the information. During the first wave, 569 respondents filled the questionnaire. These respondents were again requested to fill the same questionnaire via emails during second wave. Overall 500 questionnaires received back thus the present analysis is based upon 500 respondents.
## III. RESULT AND DISCUSSION
The results of the study are discussed under four headings namely demographic profile of the respondents, Knowledge of the respondents regarding Covid-19, Attitude of the respondents towards Covid-19 and practices followed by the respondents during Covid-19 pandemic.
Table 1: Demographic profile of the respondents
<table><tr><td>Profile</td><td>Frequency (f)</td><td>Percentage (%)</td></tr><tr><td>Zone</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>North</td><td>242</td><td>48.4</td></tr><tr><td>South</td><td>31</td><td>6.2</td></tr><tr><td>Central</td><td>99</td><td>19.8</td></tr><tr><td>East</td><td>65</td><td>13</td></tr><tr><td>West</td><td>63</td><td>12.6</td></tr><tr><td>Area of Residence</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Rural</td><td>301</td><td>60.2</td></tr><tr><td>Urban</td><td>199</td><td>39.8</td></tr><tr><td>Gender</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Male</td><td>262</td><td>52.4</td></tr><tr><td>Female</td><td>238</td><td>47.6</td></tr><tr><td>Age</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>15-30yearsold</td><td>306</td><td>61.2</td></tr><tr><td>31-45yearsold</td><td>160</td><td>32</td></tr><tr><td>46-60yearsold</td><td>24</td><td>4.8</td></tr><tr><td>above60yearsold</td><td>10</td><td>2.0</td></tr><tr><td>Educational qualification</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Secondary level (10th)</td><td>10</td><td>2.0</td></tr><tr><td>Senior secondary(12th)</td><td>61</td><td>12.2</td></tr><tr><td>Graduate</td><td>281</td><td>56.2</td></tr><tr><td>Postgraduate</td><td>102</td><td>20.4</td></tr><tr><td>Doctorate</td><td>30</td><td>6.0</td></tr><tr><td>Others</td><td>16</td><td>3.2</td></tr><tr><td>Profession/occupation</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Student</td><td>195</td><td>39</td></tr><tr><td>Home-maker</td><td>24</td><td>4.8</td></tr><tr><td>Business</td><td>58</td><td>11.6</td></tr><tr><td>Unemployed</td><td>11</td><td>2.2</td></tr><tr><td>Service</td><td>207</td><td>41.4</td></tr><tr><td>Farmer</td><td>5</td><td>1</td></tr></table>
Table 1 represents the demographic profile of the respondents. The results reveal that nearly half of the respondents (48.4%) were from Northern zone of India followed by Central zone with 19.8% respondents. Approximately equal number of respondent's i.e. 13% and 12.6% were from East and West zone respectively while only $6.2\%$ of the respondents belonged to South zone. The male population was $52.40\%$ and while women contributed $47.60\%$ of the population. Majority of the respondents $(61.2\%)$ were between 15 to 30 years of age followed by $32\%$ in the age group of 31 to 45 years. The data further revealed that majority of the respondents $(56.2\%)$ were graduate, followed by $20.4\%$ postgraduate while few $(2.0\%)$ respondents had education below secondary level. Majority of the respondents $(41.1\%)$ were engaged in service sector while $39\%$ of the respondents were students.
## IV. KNOWLEDGE OF THE RESPONDENTS REGARDING COVID-19
A glance at table 2 depicts the knowledge of the respondents regarding COVID-19 during first and second wave. The data reveals that majority of the respondents were knowledgeable regarding the spread and prevention of the COVID-19 virus. This finding is consistent with the cross-sectional study done across the Saudi population by Al-Hanawi et.al., (2020), where the participants achieved a mean of $81.64\%$ in the knowledge questionnaire.
The data further depicts the positive percentage change in the knowledge of the respondents from 79.28% in 2020 to 93.69% in 2021 which accounts for 14.41% increase in the knowledge. The similar change in knowledge was seen in the study conducted in 2020 by Nazar et. al., in which, at the beginning of the pandemic many people were not much familiar with disease. News websites and social media were the main sources of knowledge. However in the second wave the respondents indicated using other sources of knowledge such as governmental and science-oriented websites with up to date information and findings presented in scientific knowledge sources.
Table 2: Comparison of knowledge about covid 19 pandemic during first and second wave
<table><tr><td>Knowledge Statements</td><td>First wave f(%)</td><td>Second wave f(%)</td><td>Percent Change</td></tr><tr><td>The COVID-19 virus spreads via respiratory droplets of infected individuals.</td><td>449(89.8)</td><td>500(100)</td><td>+10.2</td></tr><tr><td>Wearing a mask will reduce the risk of COVID 19 infection.</td><td>325(64.9)</td><td>470(94)</td><td>+29.1</td></tr><tr><td>The main clinical symptoms of COVID-19 are fever, dry cough and Myalgia.</td><td>456(91)</td><td>500(100)</td><td>+9.0</td></tr><tr><td>There is currently no effective cure for COVID-19.</td><td>417(83.2)</td><td>450(90)</td><td>+6.8</td></tr><tr><td>Early symptomatic and supportive treatment helps the patients to recover from the infection.</td><td>364(72.7)</td><td>415(83)</td><td>+10.3</td></tr><tr><td>People of all age groups are susceptible to infection by COVID-19.</td><td>448(89.4)</td><td>480(96)</td><td>+6.6</td></tr><tr><td>Hand hygiene is the most important way to prevent the spread of the virus.</td><td>474(94.6)</td><td>490(98)</td><td>+3.4</td></tr><tr><td>Isolation and treatment of people who are infected with the COVID-19 virus are effective ways to reduce the spread of the virus.</td><td>476(95)</td><td>500(100)</td><td>+5.0</td></tr><tr><td>Eating Vegetarian or Non-vegetarian food has nothing to do with COVID 19 infection.</td><td>358(71.7)</td><td>425(85)</td><td>+13.3</td></tr><tr><td>COVID-19 virus remains on different surfaces for more than 10 hours to 3 days.</td><td>370(73.9)</td><td>450(90)</td><td>+16.1</td></tr><tr><td>This disease can spread from currency notes, newspapers etc.</td><td>389(77.6)</td><td>460(92)</td><td>+14.4</td></tr><tr><td>A person can be infected by COVID-19 for the second time also.</td><td>370(73.9)</td><td>490(98)</td><td>+24.1</td></tr><tr><td>COVID-19 will not end even if the weather is warm.</td><td>265(52.9)</td><td>460(92)</td><td>+39.1</td></tr><tr><td>Overall knowledgepercent</td><td>79.28</td><td>93.69</td><td>+14.41</td></tr></table>
Majority of the respondents in both the years had knowledge regarding the mode of transmission of the disease as $89.8\%$ respondents in 2020 and cent percent in 2021 agreed that the "COVID-19 virus spreads via respiratory droplets of infected individuals" nearly $65\%$ of the respondents in 2020 and $94\%$ in 2021 said that "wearing a mask will reduce the risk of COVID 19 infection". This result is congruent with the results of the study conducted by Tran (2020) where the majority of participants displayed knowledge about the "clinical and pathogen characteristics of COVID-19".
As far as clinical symptoms were concerned majority that is cent percent of the respondents in 2021 and $91\%$ in 2020 were knowledgeable about the symptoms of corona virus. Hand hygiene (98% in 2021 and $94.6\%$ in 2020) and Isolation and treatment of people infected with the COVID-19 virus (100% in 2021 and $95\%$ in 2020) were reported as the effective ways to reduce the spread of the virus. Similar results were revealed in the study conducted by Alahdal et. al., (2020) where majority of the respondents were aware that virus could be transmitted from an infected person $(99\%)$, through touching contaminated surfaces and shaking hands $(98\%)$, using COVID-19-infected personal tools $(94.9\%)$ and through coughing $(92\%)$. Further in 2021, $98\%$ of the respondents agreed that the person could be re-infected by COVID-19 virus even if he/she has successfully recovered from the first infection.
It was interesting to note that $47.10\%$ of the respondents in 2020 believed that the warm weather will end the COVID-19 virus, however in 2021 (92%) of the people were aware of the fact that corona virus was unaffected by the weather changes. Majority of the respondents (90%) till 2021 said that there was no cure for the corona virus. The study conducted by Weitz et al., (2020) also revealed the similar results where majority of respondents agreed that there are neither available vaccines (56%), nor the use of antibiotics is sufficient to kill the virus (60%). Further $96\%$ of the respondents in 2021 knew that people of all age groups were susceptible to COVID-19 infection.
## V. ATTITUDE OF THE RESPONDENTS TOWARDS
### COVID-19
The data in Table 3 represents the mean values regarding attitude of the respondents towards COVID-19 during first and second wave. The data shows that the attitude of the respondents became neutral during second wave while it was positive during first wave. This is because second wave was more devastating which resulted in fear about its repercussions. Moreover people were psychologically depressed with the lockdown and suffered financial losses due to lock down. A study conducted by Witteveen and Velthorst (2020) indicated a striking positive relationship between instantaneous economic hardships during the COVID-19 lockdown and expressing feelings of depression and health anxiety.
Table 3: Comparison of the attitudes of the respondents towards COVID-19 pandemic during the two COVID waves
<table><tr><td>Statements</td><td>First wave (Mean score)</td><td>Second wave (Mean score)</td></tr><tr><td>To fight against this pandemic disease, taking precautions are better than.</td><td>2.95</td><td>2.86</td></tr><tr><td>I will not isolate or quarantine myself if I had fever and cough.</td><td>2.55</td><td>1.67</td></tr><tr><td>India'sdecision of lock-down was correct</td><td>2.95</td><td>2.25</td></tr><tr><td>There is no need to keep a distance of one meter or more from others when coughing or sneezing.</td><td>2.77</td><td>2.80</td></tr><tr><td>COVID-19 will finally be successfully controlled.</td><td>2.60</td><td>2.56</td></tr><tr><td>Donating money to the NGOs who are working against COVID-19 is more beneficial than donating it to the PM/ CM care fund.</td><td>1.77</td><td>2.12</td></tr><tr><td>Overall mean</td><td>2.60</td><td>2.38</td></tr></table>
Majority of the respondents agreed on taking precautions against the pandemic with mean scores of 2.95 and 2.86 during first and second wave respectively. A lady, who lost her husband as well as her younger son during pandemic, regretted their families' careless attitude toward preventive measures. Another 23 year old boy, who lost his mother during first wave, said that they initially thought COVID-19 was just a superstition but it ruined his life as his father also could not survive after that. During first wave, the respondents had positive attitude towards isolating themselves if they showed any symptoms of the disease. The results were in line with findings of the study conducted in 2020 in which over $90\%$ of the respondents had favorable attitude in limiting the spread of COVID-19 as "staying at home" and "isolating the infected individuals" ranked first with $99.7\%$ and $99.9\%$ respectively. These measures have been taken by many countries and have shown to be significantly successful in controlling the spread of the virus (Anderson et. al., 2020).
However during second wave attitude towards isolation was not that positive. This could be due to various socio-economic consequences of pandemic. The global impact of the COVID-19 pandemic increased the loans required by people, which was a financial catastrophe for many workers and employees who lost their jobs (Nicola et al., 2020). UNESCO estimated that approximately 900 million learners have been affected due to the disruption in education due to COVID-19 (Viner et al., 2020). People had difficulty in accessing healthcare services, which may increase the risk of chronic disease deterioration (Liu et al., 2020). Many people $(17.9\%)$ reported a physical and/or verbal abuse episode from family members, $(11.9\%)$ reported abuse outside the family, and $(7.9\%)$ reported abuse from enforcers, during the lockdown (Msherghi et al., 2020).
During first wave participants were also in favor of Government's decision of lockdown during pandemic as indicated by the mean score of 2.95 in first wave. This finding is consistent with the studies conducted in China and Saudi where majority of the participants were convinced that their Government will combat the disease (Hanawi et. al., 2020, and Zhong et. al., 2020). The agreement to lockdown however reduced drastically during second wave. This is obvious as many people suffered financial crunch due to lock down. As far as social distancing was concerned majority of the respondents said that it was best to keep a distance of one meter or more from others while coughing or sneezing. Majority of the respondents had positive attitude that COVID-19 will be successfully controlled with nearly similar mean score (2.60 and 2.56) for both the years. People had neutral attitude towards donating money to the NGO's working against COVID-19 than donating it to the PM/ CM care fund during both waves.
## VI. PRACTICES FOLLOWED BY THE RESPONDENTS DURING COVID-19 PANDEMIC
The data in Table 4 represented the comparative analysis of the practices followed by the respondents during the pandemic in the years 2020 and 2021. A glance of the table shows that people followed the practices for the prevention and control of the virus more during first wave as compared to second wave.
Table 4: Comparison of the practices followed by the respondents to safeguard themselves from the COVID-19 infection
<table><tr><td>Statements</td><td>First wave
Mean value (1-4)</td><td>Second wave
Mean value (1-4)</td></tr><tr><td>Avoid going out during lock-down</td><td>2.71</td><td>2.43</td></tr><tr><td>Wash/sanitize hands after coming back home.</td><td>2.94</td><td>2.51</td></tr><tr><td>Wash hands at least for 20 sec with soaps</td><td>2.74</td><td>2.32</td></tr><tr><td>Wear face mask when leaving home</td><td>2.80</td><td>2.17</td></tr><tr><td>Changed the routine food pattern during lock- down to increase immunity.</td><td>2.19</td><td>1.85</td></tr><tr><td>Sanitize your mobile phones, TV remotes and kids play toys.</td><td>2.06</td><td>1.72</td></tr><tr><td>Increased the consumption of vitamin C rich foods during this lock-down.</td><td>2.16</td><td>2.40</td></tr><tr><td>Take extra care and other precautionary measures while going for grocery shopping.</td><td>2.71</td><td>2.31</td></tr><tr><td>Keep groceries aside for 2-3 days after bringing home.</td><td>2.04</td><td>1.36</td></tr><tr><td>Discard the container/poly bags of groceries in a closed dustbin.</td><td>2.56</td><td>1.25</td></tr><tr><td>Overall mean</td><td>2.50</td><td>2.03</td></tr></table>
From the results it is revealed that a greater number of people avoided going out during lockdown during first wave than during second wave as the mean scores went down from 2.71 to 2.43. This could be due to the reduced fear in public as it was impairing their businesses and work. Kelvin (1997) put forward that the amount and severity of anxiety that is faced is important in determining whether it will impair the individual's functioning. Majority claimed to sanitize/wash their hands after coming back to home however its frequency also went down from always to sometimes as indicated by the change in the mean score from 2.94 to 2.51. The frequency of using face mask when going outside also went down from 2.80 to 2.17. The consumption of vitamin C rich foods by the respondents was increased during lock down as indicated by the mean scores of 2.16 and 2.40 while nearly half of the respondents in both the waves reported to have changed their routine food pattern during lock- down to increase their immunity.
Majority of the respondents (2.71 and 2.31) took extra care and precautions while going for grocery shopping while they were not very precautious during second wave. In the year 2020, nearly half of the respondents would keep their groceries aside for 2-3 days after bringing home however this number declined in 2021 as the mean scores went from 2.04 to 1.36. As far as sanitizing mobile phones, TVRemote and kids play toys were concerned half of the respondents said that they always sanitized them. Majority of the respondents (2.56) practiced discarding the container/poly bags of groceries in a closed dustbin.
The study revealed that respondents had knowledge regarding prevention and control of the disease which became apparent in their attitude and COVID- appropriate practices during second wave. This observation was in congruence with the results of the study conducted by Erfani et. al., (2020) in which higher knowledge score regarding COVID-19 was significantly associated with a higher likelihood of having positive attitude and good practice at the time of COVID-19 pandemic. The results of the current study points towards other intervening compelling variables like economic crisis which may not allow people to comply with knowledge. The results also show that psychological needs are more important than safety needs consistent to Maslow's need hierarchy. Besides it also indicates that fear was reduced during second wave as it was impairing individual's functioning.
## VII. CONCLUSION
As far as practices were concerned majority of the respondents followed the practices strictly in the year 2020 however they seemed reluctant to do so in the year 2021. This was due to their psychological needs, reduction of individual's output due to fear and anxiety. Given the present situation of the pandemic, new strains of the virus are identified every year thus making it highly unpredictable whether the virus could be contained or not there of republic adherence to preventive and control measures and a routine practice of precautionary behaviors must become the new status quo.
Generating HTML Viewer...
References
22 Cites in Article
Hadil Alahdala (2020). Fatemah Basingabb, Reem Alotaibi An analytical study on the awareness, attitude and practice during the COVID-19 pandemic in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
Hussin Rothan,Siddappa Byrareddy (2020). The epidemiology and pathogenesis of coronavirus disease (COVID-19) outbreak.
M Lee,M You (2020). Psychological and behavioral responses in South Korea during the early stages of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19).
Roy Anderson,Hans Heesterbeek,Don Klinkenberg,T Hollingsworth (2020). How will country-based mitigation measures influence the course of the COVID-19 epidemic?.
K Mohammed,; Al-Hanawi,M Ameerah,Qattan,Z Hoda,M Helmy ; Waleed,Kattan (2020). Knowledge, Attitude and Practice Toward COVID-19 Among the Public in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia: A Cross-Sectional StudyFront.
Q Li,X Guan,P Wu,X Wang,L Zhou,Y Tong (2020). Early transmission dynamics in Wuhan, China, of novel coronavirus-infected pneumonia.
N Zhu,D Zhang,Wang Li,X Yang,B Song,J (2019). A novel coronavirus from patients with pneumonia in China.
Who (2020). Infection prevention and control during health care when novel Coronavirus (nCoV) infection is suspected.
Sima Rugarabamu,Mariam Ibrahim,Aisha Byanaku (2020). Knowledge, Attitudes, and Practices (KAP) Towards COVID-19: An Online Cross-Sectional Survey of Tanzanian Residents.
Naveen Gupta,Monil Singhai,Shubha Garg,Dhara Shah,Vishesh Sood,Sujeet Singh (2020). The missing pieces in the jigsaw and need for cohesive research amidst coronavirus infectious disease 2019 global response.
B Tran,A Dang,P Thai,H Le,Xtt Le,Ttt Do (2020). Coverage of health information by different sources in communities: implication for COVID-19 epidemic response.
J Weitz,Joshua Weitz,Stephen Beckett,Ashley Coenen,David Demory,Marian Dominguez-Mirazo,Jonathan Dushoff,Chung-Yin Leung,Guanlin Li,Andreea Măgălie,Sang Park,Rogelio Rodriguez-Gonzalez,Shashwat Shivam,Conan Zhao (2020). Intervention serology and interaction substitution: modelingthe role of 'ShieldImmunity'in reducing COVID-19 epidemic spread.
A Erfani,R Shahriarirad,K Ranjbar,A Mirahmadizadeh,M &moghadami (2020). Knowledge, Attitudeand Practice toward the Novel Coronavirus (COVID-19) Outbreak: A Population-Based Surveyin Iran.
Kelvin Anderson,Nathan Ryan,Greta Volpedo,Sanjay Varikuti,Abhay Satoskar,Steve Oghumu (2020). Immune Suppression Mediated by STAT4 Deficiency Promotes Lymphatic Metastasis in HNSCC.
B-L Zhong,W Luo,H-M Li,Q-Q Zhang,X-G Liu,W-T Li (2020). Knowledge, attitudes, and practices towards COVID-19 among Chinese residents during the rapid rise period of the COVID-19 outbreak: a quick online cross-sectional survey.
Dirk Witteveen,Eva Velthorst (2020). Economic hardship and mental health complaints during COVID-19.
Russell Viner,Simon Russell,Helen Croker,Jessica Packer,Joseph Ward,Claire Stansfield,Oliver Mytton,Chris Bonell,Robert Booy (2020). School closure and management practices during coronavirus outbreaks including COVID-19: a rapid systematic review.
Hong Liu,Shiyan Chen,Min Liu,Hao Nie,Hongyun Lu (2020). Comorbid Chronic Diseases are Strongly Correlated with Disease Severity among COVID-19 Patients: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.
Maria Nicola,Zaid Alsafi,Catrin Sohrabi,Ahmed Kerwan,Ahmed Al-Jabir,Christos Iosifidis,Maliha Agha,Riaz Agha (2020). The socio-economic implications of the coronavirus pandemic (COVID-19): A review.
Marquita Gammage (1997). Media Racism: The Impact of Media Injustice on Black Women’s Lives.
Ahmed Msherghi,Ali Alsuyihili,Ahmed Alsoufi,Aimen Ashini,Zenib Alkshik,Entisar Alshareea,Hanadi Idheiraj,Taha Nagib,Munera Abusriwel 1,Nada Mustafa,Fatima Mohammed,Ayah Eshbee,Abobaker Elbarouni,Muhammed Elhadi (2021). Mental Health Consequences of Lockdown During the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Cross-Sectional Study.
Wojciech Nazar,Julia Leszkowicz,Agata Pieńkowska (2020). MichałBrzeziński, Agnieszka Szlagatys-Sidorkiewicz, Katarzyna Plata-Nazar Before-andafter online community survey on knowledge and perception of COVID-19 pandemic.
No ethics committee approval was required for this article type.
Data Availability
Not applicable for this article.
How to Cite This Article
Ritu Mittal Gupta. 2026. \u201cKAP (Knowledge, Attitude and Practices) analysis during Two Consecutive Waves of COVID-19 in India\u201d. Global Journal of Science Frontier Research - I: Interdisciplinary GJSFR-I Volume 22 (GJSFR Volume 22 Issue I1).
Explore published articles in an immersive Augmented Reality environment. Our platform converts research papers into interactive 3D books, allowing readers to view and interact with content using AR and VR compatible devices.
Your published article is automatically converted into a realistic 3D book. Flip through pages and read research papers in a more engaging and interactive format.
Our website is actively being updated, and changes may occur frequently. Please clear your browser cache if needed. For feedback or error reporting, please email [email protected]
Thank you for connecting with us. We will respond to you shortly.
