Sheet Metal Forming Simulations for Heavy Commercial Vehicle Parts by LS-DYNA

Abstract

The design of new forming tools gets more proble-matic as the geometries get more complicated and the materials less formable. The idea with this project is to evaluate if an implementation of simulation software in the designing process, to simulate the forming process before actually building the tools, could help to avoid expensive mistakes. To evaluate this, the commercial FEM simulation software LS-DYNA was used in a complicated project, where the design of the forming tools for forming a girder was considered. The main objective was to avoid cracking and severe wrinkling which may result in the forming process. With help of simulations a stable forming process which did not yield cracks or severe wrinkling, was eventually found. The girder was almost impossible to form without cracking, but the breakthrough came when we tried to simulate a performing step which solved the problem. Without simulation software this would never have been tested since it would be too risky and expensive to try an idea which could turn out to be of no use. The simulations also showed that the spring back -shape deformation occurring after pressing -was large and hard to predict without simulations. Therefore, the tools were also finally spring back compensated.

The Influence of Mother Tongue(s)on the Learning and Teaching of English as a Foreign Language at Three Universities: The Case of Protestant, Kinshasa and Technological/Bel Campus Universities in the Democratic Republic of Congo

February 24, 2026

This paper attempted to assess the attitudes of students in