Research
Design of an Automated Car Parking System by using Microcontroller
Now a days, with the growing number of vehicles and consequent shortage of parking space there is a haphazard and totally unregulated parking of vehicles all over, the station calls out for an automated parking system that not only regulates parking in a given area but also keeps the manual control to a bare minimum. To cater to need here we present a minimum model of an automated car parking system that regulated the number of cars that can be parked in an area at any given time based on the parking space available. The entry and exit of vehicle are vacillated using to using to tally automated gate status signal indicates whether space is currently available in the parking lot and whether a car currently in the process of entering or leaving the parking space. To avoid the manual dependent system a Microcontroller-Based system has been developed. The microcontroller has been interfaced with a simple hardware to a PC so that the program can be easily changed as our needs. So, no special arrangement is required to reprogram the microcontroller. The project is less expensive and works satisfactory.
Analysis of Series Hybrid Electric Vehicle with Auxiliary Power Unit
Hybrid electric vehicles represent a promising future direction for the transportation sector in terms of decreasing the reliance on fossil fuels while simultaneously decreasing emissions. Energy used for driving is fully or partially shifted to electricity leading to lower emission rates.In this regard, the use of a power generator and motor as the primary power source for an automobile is very attractive. This thesis develops model of a series hybrid vehicle with a power generator as its Auxiliary Power Unit (APU). Simulation using the model helps to provide an understanding of the interaction and flow of power. Moreover, electrical power sharing between the APU and the Electrical Storage System (ESS) is shown. Conclusion is also discussed.
Performance Evaluation of Four Wave Mixing & Optical Add Drop Multiplexer(OADM) in Optical Fibre Communication System
Optical fiber communication is the best for transmitting data at a high rate. While the fiber channel may be capable of transmitting terabit-per-second data rates, no existing single communication system can make complete use of this speed. Optical fibers in discussion that guide signals in the form of light are typically made of from two glasses. It is a cylindrical in shape waveguide consisting of a higher refractive index solid glass core which runs down middle of the fiber. The other solid glass with a lower refractive index surrounds the core and makes the homogeneous cladding. The two glasses are made of from the common material silica. Photonic crystal fibers can be divided into two modes of operation, according to their mechanism for confinement. Alternatively, one can create a photonic band gap fiber, in which the light is confined by a photonic band gap created by the micro structured cladding – such a band gap, properly designed, can confine light in a lower-index. Here, four wave mixing technique provides operational flexibility.
Performance Analysis of Erbium-Doped Fiber Amplifier in Fiber Optic Communication Technique
Optical fiber communication is the best for transmitting data at a high rate, we are trying to push the data rate even higher. While the fiber channel may be capable of transmitting terabit-per-second data rates, no existing single communication system can make complete use of this speed. Adding more and more fibers to the system as a method of increasing speed is uneconomical as we know the global network is made of a large submarine cable networks that is expensive to modify. Erbium-doped fiber amplifiers are the by far most important fiber amplifier in the context of longrange optical fiber communications they can efficiently amplify light in the 1.5-μm wavelength region. The invention of Erbium-doped fiber amplifiers (EDFA) with large bandwidth is largely responsible for popularizing this technique. In terms of multi-wavelength signals, so long as the EDFA has enough pump energy available to it, it can amplify as many optical signals as can be multiplexed into its amplification band.
Performance Evaluation of a Square Lattice Microstructure Optical Fibre in Communication & Multiplexing Technique
Although optical fiber communication is the best for transmitting data at a high rate, we are trying to push the data rate even higher. While the fiber channel may be capable of transmitting terabit-per-second data rates, no existing single communication system can make complete use of this speed. Adding more and more fibers to the system as a method of increasing speed is uneconomical. Optical fibers in discussion that guide signals in the form of light are typically made of from two glasses. It is a cylindrical in shape waveguide consisting of a higher refractive index solid glass core which runs down middle of the fiber. The other solid glass with a lower refractive index surrounds the core and makes the homogeneous cladding. The two glasses are made of from the common material silica. Photonic crystal fibers can be divided into two modes of operation, according to their mechanism for confinement. Those with a solid core, or a core with a higher average index than the micro structured cladding, can operate on the same index-guiding principle as conventional optical fiber. They can have a much higher effective- refractive index contrast between core and cladding, and therefore can have much stronger confinement for applications in nonlinear optical devices, polarizationmaintaining fibers. Alternatively, one can create a photonic band gap fiber, in which the light is confined by a photonic band gap created by the micro structured cladding – such a band gap, properly designed, can confine light in a lowerindex core and even a hollow core. Band gap fibers with hollow cores can potentially circumvent limits imposed by available materials, for example to create fibers that guide light in wavelengths for which transparent materials are not available. Another potential advantage of a hollow core is that one can dynamically introduce materials into the core, such as a gas that is to be analyzed for the presence of some substance. MOF can also be modified by coating the
