Research
Prevalence and Risk Factors of Bovine Trypanosomiasis in Khartoum State, Sudan, April-July 2012
A cross-sectional study was conducted in the dry season from April to July 2012 in Khartoum State, Sudan to: estimate the prevalence of bovine trypanosomiasis (BT), identify the prevailing species of trypanosomes and investigate the associated potential risk factors of the disease. Blood samples were collected from 271 randomly selected cattle of the eight study areas and evaluated through standard parasitological methods (Haematocrit Centrifugation Technique (HCT) and thin blood smear). Also, the packed cell volume (PCV) of each animal was measured using Haematocrit Techniques for anemia estimation. The results indicated that the overall prevalence of BT was 4.8% (13/271). All the trypanosomes encountered in cattle belonged to a single species of Trypanosoma vivax. For investigation of associated risk factors of the disease, a univariate analysis using the Chi-square (χ2) test identified 15 risk factors statistically significantly associated with BT (p ≤ 0.25). These 15 risk factors were entered to the multivariate analysis using logistic regression for further analysis. The significant level of association in the multivariate analysis was set at (p≤ 0.05). The multivariate analysis revealed four risk factors that had significant associations with BT (p ≤ 0.05). These were treatment of sick animals (p = 0.012), presence of other animal species in the farm (p = 0.003), veterinary care (p = 0.023) and location of livestock market (p = 0.004). The results of the study indicated that BT is prevalent in Khartoum State and the predominant trypanosome was T. vivax. Furthermore, the risk factors found statistically significantly associated (p ≤ 0.05) with BT in this study should be considered as predictors for the disease and should be taken into account when planning for control programs of the disease.
Epidemiological Study of African Horse Sickness in Sudan
A cross-sectional study was conducted from September 2016 to October 2017 to determine the seroprevalence and to investigate the risk factors for African horse sickness (AHS) in Sudan. A total of 920equines (590 horses and 330 donkeys) were randomly selected and sampled. Competitive Enzyme Linked Immuno-Sorbent Assay (c-ELISA) was employed to detect antibodies to AHS virus. The overall seroprevalence was 72.2 %, while it was 80% in horses and 58.2% in donkeys. The univariate analysis of associations of potential risk factors with seroprevalence of AHS showed statistically significant (p ≤ 0.05) results with state (χ2 = 47.434, p<0.001), species (χ2 = 50.163, p<0.001), sex (χ2 = 26.206, p<0.001), housing (χ2 = 26.477, p<0.001), vaccination (χ2 = 44.466, p<0.001), breed (χ2 = 57.256, p<0.001), water bodies (χ2 = 26.271, p<0.001), Cullicoides (χ2 = 42.658, p<0.001), ticks (χ2 = 23.608, p<0.001), activity of animal (χ2 = 41.435, p<0.001), awareness of owner (χ2 = 25.639, p<0.001),age (χ2 = 20.186,p<0.001), health score(χ2 = 12.038, p<0.001), pregnancy (χ2 = 3.249,p = 0.0355),and infection with other disease(χ2 = 14.637,p<0.001). However, the risk factors of presence of other animals and pervious infection with AHS did not show statistically significant (p>0.05) associations. Furthermore, in the multivariate analysis onlystate (OR = 4.909, p = 0.017), breed (OR = 2.532, p = 0.004), species (OR = 3.776, p = 0.017), water bodies (OR = 2.172, p = 0.033),and vaccination(OR =17.298, p< 0.001)were found to be statistically significantly (p ≤ 0.05) associated with seroprevalence of AHS.
