Research
Smokeless Tobacco use among Male and Female in Northeast State, India
Smokeless tobacco has been found as harmful as smoke tobacco. Smokeless tobacco associated with the various oral diseases including mouth cancer and adverse reproductive outcome. Objective of this study is to examine the prevalence of smokeless tobacco consumption in Northeast state, India and to study the socioeconomic, demographic correlates of tobacco use in the form of smokeless tobacco only. We used the cross sectional survey DLHS-4 (2012-2013) data of northeast state, India. All men and women living in the study area, aged 15 years and above were included. Information on socio demographic characteristics and smokeless tobacco consumption was administered. Smokeless tobacco consumption was categorized as ‘Current consumers’ and “non consumersâ€. Associations between smokeless tobacco consumption and the explanatory variables were examine using bivariate and multivariate statistical technique. 67,930 individual men and 75,799 individual women were the unit of analysis in the study. The prevalence of ‘Current consumption’ among men 65% and women 51% respectively. Current consumption was associated with level of education, religion, caste, occupation, residence, marital status, and age.
Factors Influencing Antenatal Care Services Utilization in Empowered Action Group (EAG) States, India: A Spatial and Multilevel Analysis
The study investigated individual-household, community and district level factors associated with antenatal care services utilization in Empowered Action Group states, India. Nationally-representative data, drawn from the District Level Household Survey (2007-08), were used. A sample of 116,973 currently married women, aged 15-49 years, who delivered a child during the three years preceding the survey was considered for analysis. Both descriptive and multivariate analysis were used to analyze the data generated and level of significance was set at 5% (0.05). The findings revealed that household socio-economic status and mother’s education were the most important factors associated with antenatal care services utilization. The adjusted model showed that the place of residence, community education, community impoverishment were significantly associated with antenatal care services utilization. Spatial analysis finding revealed that districts with higher urban percentage and higher proportion of antenatal care services utilization were clustered together and low-urban percentage-low proportion in the space.
