Research
Municipal Solid Waste Management (MSW) Scenario in Kurnool City, Andhra Pradesh, India
Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) is defined to include refuse from households, waste from commercial establishments, and refuse from institutions, market waste, yard waste and street sweeping (World Bank 1994). Waste is an unavoidable by-product of human activities, economic development, urbanization and improving living standards in cities. The increase in quantity and complexity of waste generated in municipalities and notified areas have become serious concern for Government departments, pollution control agencies, regulatory bodies and also the public in India. Inefficient management, utilisation and disposal of this solid waste is an obvious cause for the degradation of environment in India. Improper disposal of this waste generated leads to spread of communicable diseases, causes obnoxious conditions, pollutes all vital components of living environment (air, water & soil) and spoils the bio sphere as a whole. Cleanliness is a major factor that influences development of any nation, which otherwise hampers due to improper disposal of solid waste. Urban society rejects and generates solid materials regularly due to rapid increase in production and consumption. The objectives of Municipal Solid Waste Management (MSWM) are to control collect, process, utilise and dispose of solid waste in the most economical way consistent with the protection of public health and the natural environment. Kurnool is one of the largest developing cities in Andhra Pradesh (India) and is undergoing rapid expansion and modernization. This paper presents a case study of present situation of MSW in Kurnool and the process being implemented presently. An environmental audit of MSWM in Kurnool city was under taken to understand the shortcomings including some possible proposals.
Fabrication & Testing Of Rapid Sand Filter Equipment
Water is described as a universal solvent which is the most abundant and useful compound that nature has provided. Two main sources of water are: surface and underground water. Among the many essential elements for the existence of human beings, animal and plants, water is rated as one of the most important elements for human living. Man can survive for weeks without food but a few days without water. Sand has been used to purify water for over a thousand years; and it still remains the dependable methods of making water fit for drinking. The idea of water sand filtration can be seen when water taken from sandy river beds is generally pure, because it has percolated through the sand grains where harmful bacteria are removed. As a result of high demand for quality and clean water by the society, various means to meet this demand have been constructed. Though, many of these means are not easily accessible by some communities, due to unavailability, high cost, or complexity of usage. This has led to the design and construction of water filters which can be accessible by all communities. Data obtained from our laboratory results clearly shows that an appreciable degree of treatment had taken place when the designed filter was used.in this paper we describes the fabrication rapid sand filteration equipment by using glass boxes, sand. Activated carbon, mesh,coagulant etc. and also tested the raw water & treated water byu using WHO standard analytical procedures.
