Research
The Effect of Green Leafy Vegetable Intake on the Incidence of Urothelial Cancers: A Meta-Analysis
Study objective was to hypothesized that the consumption of green leafy vegetables (GLV), including cruciferous vegetables (CV), significantly reduces the incidence of urothelial cancers. The hypothesis was answered by using the experimental approach of meta-analysis by synthesizing relevant worldwide studies that address the association between the consumption of GLV and risk of incidence of the disease. Three models were used, and the first indicated an overall odds ratio effect size of the ‘almost every day’ highest vs. lowest quantile intake category of GLV on urothelial cancer as: OR = 0.749 (95% CI .678 to .827), p<.001. The second model indicated an overall hazard ratio effect size as: HR = 0.803 (95% CI .699 to .922), p=.002. The third model indicated an overall risk ratio effect size as: RR = 0.896 (95% CI .691 to 1.16), p=.405.
Comparing Consumption of Green Leafy Vegetables to Cruciferous Vegetables in Relations to Incidence of 17 Different Cancers: A Meta-Analysis
Cancer is a group of over 100 different types of malignancies and there are several potential substances in green leafy vegetables (GLV) and cruciferous vegetables (CV) that my exhibit anticancer effects [1]. GLV are leaf vegetables, greens, vegetable greens, leafy greens or salad greens. They come from a very wide variety of plants all over the world, with nearly one thousand species of plants with edible leaves are known. Table 1 shows 11 of these GLV and some of the elements and phytochemicals that may reduce the incidence of cancer, and these same GLV are high in Vitamin C, Vitamin E, Vitamin K, and Vitamin A [2].
