This study discusses the tectonic implications of a mineral exploration geochemical survey based on 19 stream sediment and alluvial sediment samples derived from Neoproterozoic rocks of the Canastra Group. The samples were collected along the Araguari River (Minas Gerais, Brazil), from its headwaters to the village of Desemboque. The previously published geochemical results are significant because between 1743 and 1781, 1,500 kg of placer gold were extracted from the alluvium of the Araguari River. Despite this, a major gap in geological information remains, as no systematic research has been conducted in the region, leaving both the geographic source and the primary deposit of this gold unknown, as well as the tectonic implications of this mineralization. The published geochemical results indicate platinum (Pt) concentrations exceeding crustal abundance (Clarke values), inexplicably contrasting with relatively low gold (Au) levels. Correlations among Cu, Ag, and light rare earth elements (La and Ce) suggest complex mineralization processes linked to regional geology and hydrothermal activity. These findings expand the metallogenetic potential of the Araguari River basin and highlight opportunities for critical and strategic minerals. Considering these results, this paper discusses the tectonic implications of these findings within the context of the crustal evolution of the South American Platform during the Neoproterozoic—a period when oceanic cover sediments, now represented by the Canastra Group, underwent deformation and metamorphism in a collisional setting that gave rise to the Tocantins Orogenic Province, of which the Brasília Fold Belt is a part.