I. INTRODUCTION

Since 2005, I have conducted a simple taste/olfactory test and a self-administered questionnaire at the health checkup for residents of Yakumo Town, Hokkaido ${}^{1-11}$.

Similarly, a simple taste/olfactory test and a self-administered questionnaire survey were conducted at a health class for residents of Nagoya City ${}^{12-20}$.

However, until now, no comparison has been made between the two regions. Therefore, we compared the results of these two regions this time.

Residents of Yakumo Town (FY2019) and Nagoya City (FY2022) were asked to feel dizziness, taste, and olfaction by using a self-administered questionnaire.

And participants also took simple salty taste test and a simple olfactory test.

At the same time, primary data such as age, sex, height, weight, systolic blood pressure, and diastolic blood pressure were obtained.

A questionnaire survey was also conducted on subjective dizziness.

Feeling dizzy (light-headedness, fluffiness) due to changes in the amount and contents of food associated with the decline in taste and smell ${}^{21}$ related to Yakumo Town which is located in the south part of Hokkaido island in the northern part of Japan.

There is a little population movement, and the population is settled.

On the other hand, Nagoya City is located almost in the center of Japan, between Tokyo and Osaka.

Because it is a large city, there are various occupations, and the population movement is rapid.

This study has so far been a self-reported survey of taste, smell, and different living conditions in health checkups for residents of Yakumo Town, Hokkaido.

I've been researching it with a questionnaire, but I haven't made a comparison with other places.

Therefore, in this study, we decided to compare the data obtained from urban and rural participants.

II. MATERIALS AND METHODS

Two hounded one people in Yakumo Town, Hokkaido (106 women, 95 men: 2019 data) and 55 people in Nagoya City, Aichi Prefecture (31 women, 24 men, 2022 data) were compared.

Dizziness was also included in the self-administerd questionnaire survey of the participants. We asked the following questions.1.not dizzy, 2. sometimes, 3.always. Participants circles the items that apply.

In addition, a simple taste test (salty taste: Soluseive: manufactured by Advantech) and a simple olfactory test (smell test) were performed.

Ick: manufactured by Daiichi Yakuhin Sangyo Co., Ltd.) was used to obtain the test results.

In addition, prairmary data such as age, sex, height, weight, systolic blood pressure, and diastolic blood pressure were obtained.

Other self-administered questionnaire items included the subjective sense of taste, smell, salivary flow, and use of eating out. We also investigated the frequency and usual seasoning. (See Table 1):

The method of the simple taste test ${}^{22}$ and the method of the simple olfactory test ${}^{23}$ followed the specifications.

a) Ethical review board

This study conducted with the approval of the Ethical Review Board (Nagoya women's University Ethics Committee: "hitowomochiitakennkyuunikann suruiinnkai"). The approval number is 2019-26.

III. RESULTS

There were no regional differences in sex (see Table 2) and hight (see Table 4) in the participants' physical data.

Weight (see Table 5), systolic blood pressure (see Table 6), and diastolic blood pressure (see Table 7) were eight higher in Nagoya.

It was statistically significantly lower than Kumocho.

Yakumo town has 201 people (see Table 3) average $\pm$ SD value of $68.7\pm 6.0$ years old Nagoya city has 55 people $74.9\pm 7.1$.

The average $\pm$ SD value for subjective dizziness (see Table 8) was $1.379\pm 0.592$ in Yakumo Town, and $1.379\pm 0.592$ in Nagoya City was $1.211\pm 0.546$.

This result was $\mathsf{P}={0.044}^{\ast }$ in the Mann-Whitney test, and was statistically superior to the elderly in Nagoya City. The results showed that the subjects had dizziness subjectively.

The subjective taste (see Table 9) has a mean $\pm$ SD value of $0.1607\pm 0.538$ in Yakumo and $1.426\pm 0.49$ in Nagoya.

This result was $\mathrm{P}={0.027}^{\star }$ in the Unpaired Student-t test, showing a statistically significant.

From this result, it was found that the participants in rural areas subjectively felt that the taste was difficult to understand compared to those in the urban areas.

The subjective sense of smell (see Table 10) was $0.701\pm 0.539$ in Yakumo Town, and $0.150\pm 0.575$ in Nagoya. From this result, $P={0.017}^{\star }$ in the Unpaired Student t-test, which is statistically significant for Yakumo Town. The results showed that older adults subjectively feel that smell is difficult to understand.

The subjective saliva output (see Table 11) has a mean $\pm$ SD value of $0.781\pm 0.000$ in Yakumo Town, and $1.773\pm 0.000$ in Nagoya City.

This result was $P=0.139$ in the Unpaired Student's t-test, and there was no statistically significant difference.

The average $\pm$ SD value for the frequency of eating out (see Table 12) is $5.095\pm 1.037$ in Yakumo Town and $4.455\pm 1.424$ in Nagoya City.

This result was $\mathrm{P}={0.004}^{\ast \ast }$ in the Mann-Whitney test, indicating a statistically significant.

The results showed that those with the high frequency of eating out had a high frequency of eating out.

The seasoning of ordinary meals (see Table 13) has an average $\pm$ SD value of $2.542\pm 0.734$ in Yakumo Town and $2.704\pm 0.924$ in Nagoya City.

This result was $\mathrm{P}=0.155$ by the Mann-Whitney test, and there was no statistically significant difference.

The results of the simple salty taste (see Table 14) are mean $\pm \mathrm{SD}$ values of $0.89\pm 0.387$ in Yakumo Town and $0.86\pm 0.389$ in Nagoya City.

This result was $P=0.614$ in the Unpaired Student's t-test, and there was no statistically significant difference.

The results of the olfactory test (see Table 15) are average $\pm$ SD values of $7.348\pm 3.007$ in Yakumo and $6.455\pm 3.310$ in Nagoya.

This result was $\mathsf{P}=0.0.052$ in the Unpaired Student's t-test, and there was no statistically significant difference.

IV. DISCUSSION

For primary data (gender, age, height, weight, systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure), participants were statistically significantly older and underweight than rural participants.

The average value of blood pressure was within the normal range for both Nagoya data and Yakumo data. However, the Nagoya data was statistically significantly lower than the Yakkumo data.

In addition, there were regional differences in subjective dizziness in this survey.

Urban participants said they were statistically significantly dizziness than country participants.

However, there were no regional differences in the salty taste test results.

And also, there was no regional difference in the olfactory test results in the present data.

However, the P-value after statistical processing was $P=0.052$, so if we increased the data for urban residents, there was a possibility that there would be a statistically significant difference in the olfactory test results.

The frequency of eating out was statistically significantly higher among participants in urban areas. Still, there was no significant difference between the two regions regarding the seasoning of things. Research results on the relationship between salty test results ${}^{24-27)}$ and blood pressure ${}^{28)}$ have also been reported, so that future studies, we will investigate the association between dietary habits and blood pressure. It is necessary to investigate this in more detail.

Changes due to age ${}^{29)}$ and association with Alzheimer's dementia ${}^{30}$ results such as application to patients ${}^{31}$ have been presented. We think it will be important to investigate residual differences in Japan in the future.

We will continue to do research and collect more data in the future, and not only subjective feelings of dizziness but also stabilization tests by using Stabilometer.

We also believe that a detailed questionnaire survey on dietary habits is necessary.

V. CONCLUSION

Urban participants said they were statistically significantly dizzier than country participants. However, there were no regional differences in the results of the salty taste test results. And also, there was no regional difference in the olfactory test results in the present data. However, the P-value after statistica processing was $\mathrm{P}=0.052$, so if we increased the data for urban residents, there was a possibility that there would be a statistically significant difference in the olfactory test results. We look forward to future results.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

This research was partially supported by the research aid of Chojuiryokenkyukaihatsuhi, 2022 (30-14, Hirokazu Suzuki) and Japanese Society of Taste Technology, 2021 (Naomi Katayam) and the Ministry of Education, Science, Sports and Culture, Grant-in Aid for Scientific Research(C), 2020-2022 (20K02372, Naomi Katayam). We would like to express my deepest gratitude here.