Conflict Resolution in Pre-Colonial Benin

Conflict Resolution in Pre-Colonial Benin

Felix Ejukonemu

Contact

Felix Ejukonemu Oghi

Contact

Glorious Vision University

Conflict Resolution in Pre-Colonial Benin

Article Fingerprint

ReserarchID

6TI42

Conflict Resolution in Pre-Colonial Benin Banner

AI TAKEAWAY

Connecting with the Eternal Ground

Abstract

This study examines the context of conflict resolution in Benin during the pre-colonial period. It seeks to transcend the often emphasised explanation concerning conflicts in Africa in terms of social antagonism, rather, it examines the political, social and economic institutions of pre-colonial Benin to demonstrate the point that development in Africa as emphasised by some European writers were not the product of European presence in the continent of Africa. The study employed the historical method of collection and interpretation of data in its analysis. The study found that prior to the coming of Europeans, Benin like other states of West Africa, had its indigenous mechanisms for conflict resolution and thus contributes to the debate as to whether African states owed their existence with regards to socio-political and economic organisation to European presence or not.

References

62 Cites in Article

Reference Format

O See,Osadolor (2001). The Military System of Benin Kingdom, c. 1440-1897.
(1983). Two main reasons could be advanced for this, namely.
A Ryder (1969). Benin and the Europeans.
O Osadolor The Military System of Benin….
J Egharevba (1968). A Short History of Benin.
(1961). In the context of language learning, one cause of pragmalinguistic failure is pragmalinguistic transfer, the use of L1 speech act strategies or formulas when interacting with members of an L2 speech community (Leech 1983). This trans-fer has been addressed in a number of speech act/event studies (e.g. Blum-Kulka 1982, 1983; Olshtain 1983; Olshtain and Cohen 1983; Edmonson, House, Kasper, and Stemmer 1984; Thomas 1984; Eisenstein and Bodman 1986; Garcia 1989; Wolfson 1989a; Beebe, Takahashi, and Uliss-Weltz 1990; Takahashi and Beebe 1993). In the anecdote at the beginning of this paper, the American, in respond-ing to Arabic compliments by transferring an appropriate response from his L1 to an L2, believes that he is politely accepting the compliment. However, if the native Arabic speaker interprets the illocutionary force of the utterance differently (e.g. interprets the response as impolite and inappropriate) pragmatic failure has occurred. It is, however, difﬁcult, at times, to determine whether the pragmatic failure results from L1 transfer or from other factors. Hurley (1992), for example, notes that pragmatic failure may also result from developmental and proﬁciency factors or from L2 learners overgeneralizing the use of an L2 form to inappropriate set-tings. Stated differently, it is sometimes difﬁcult to know why language learners experience certain kinds of pragmatic failure. In order to understand the reasons behind pragmatic failure, it is helpful, and perhaps even necessary, to conduct cross-cultural research to investigate students’ L1 strategies (Wolfson 1989a). Speech act and speech event studies have been criticized as being ethnocentric in that most have investigated variations of English (Blum-Kulka, House, and Kasper 1989). Rose (1994) further points out that, in particular, little work has been done in non-Western contexts. The present study is valuable, in part, because it was conducted in Arabic as well as English. Compliment responses were selected for cross-cultural study for two reasons. First, although a body of knowledge exists on the speech act of complimenting (Wolfson 1981, 1983; Manes 1983; Knapp, Hopper, and Bell 1984; Barnlund and Araki 1985; Holmes and Brown 1987; Nelson, El Bakary, and Al-Batal 1993), less research has been conducted on responses to compliments. For non-native English speak-ing (NNES) students, knowing how to compliment is important, but it is equally important to know how to respond to a compliment. In fact, it could be argued that for NNES students in the United States, appropriately responding to compli-ments is more important than complimenting because of the frequency with which Americans compliment (Wolfson 1983; Holmes and Brown 1987; Herbert 1988). In other words, ESL students may receive more compliments than they initiate. A second reason is that, although a few studies have been conducted on compli-ment responses in English-speaking countries (Pomerantz 1978; Herbert 1988; Herbert and Straight 1989), few, if any, cross-cultural studies have investigated compli-ment responses in an Arabic-speaking country. For the purpose of this study, a compliment response is deﬁned as a verbal acknowledgement that the recipient of the compliment heard and reacted to the compliment. Compliment/compliment response interactions have been referred to.
A Afigbo (1980). Introduction.
Upe Babaiwa,Violet Osayande,Maria Aghahowa,Sylvester Eraga,John Akerele (1992). Antimicrobial utilization in University of Benin Health Care Centre, Benin City, Edo State, Nigeria.
E Eweka The Evolution of Benin Chieftaincy Titles… p. 82.
(2014). Linking research and practice in the business world.
Oba Akenzua,I (1947). The Categories of Bini Titles.
Oba's palace. It involved Iwoghene or Itiedeha ceremonies. The former was performed within the palace by the Eghaevbo n' Ore at the Iyase's house.
Walt Whitman (2014). Gifts — Money — Discrimination.
E Eweka The Evolution of Benin Chieftaincy Titles….
A Omoruyi (1981). Benin Anthology.
A See,Ojiefoh (2002). Uromi Chronicles, History and Culture.
(2014). Hodder, Edwin, (13 Dec. 1837–1 March 1904), retired civil servant (35 years’ service).
(2014). Unknown Title.
(2011). Data Watch: States Varied Widely in 2010 Paid Malpractice Claims.
(2014). Unknown Title.
F See,Oghi (2013). Abolition of Trial by Ordeal at Eni-Lake, Uzere, Delta State of Nigeria, 1903: A Reconsideration.
Philip Peek (1966). Isoko Sacred Mud Sculpture.
A Omoniyi (1977). Omoniyi Adewoye, The Judicial System in Southern Nigeria 1854–1954: Law and Justice in a Dependency, Longman, London, 1977. XIV, 331 pp. Ibadan History Series. ISBN 0 582 64633 2. Price: 6.50 P.St..
F Oghi (1974). XV. Conditions of the Ordeal.
(2014). Unknown Title.
Such persons were left with their Onotueyevbo. While Ewedor was the state prison under the control of the Eribo, Oshodi was the controller, while the eunuchs were under the control of the Obazuwa.
P Igbafe Unknown Title.
Olusanya Faboyede (2022). Benin Influence on Isua Chieftaincy Titles: A Historical Exploration.
Rahmatulai Adams,Blessing Idemudia,Emmanuel Imarhiagbe,Beckley Ikhajiagbe,Emmanuel Ukpebor,Frederick Ekhaise (2007). Comparative assessment of indoor and outdoor air environment of poultry farms in Edo State, Nigeria.
(2014). Interview with Sunday Odobo, 66years old, member of the Ogiefa family of Benin.
P Igbafe Unknown Title.
P Igbafe (null). Serdica. Ara lapidea, inventa ibid..
Chief Interview,Ero Osemwegie (2014). the Edobayokhae of Benin Kingdom.
See Afolayan (2000). Carolina Academic Press.
P Igbafe (1969). Benin Under British Administration… and A.F.C. Ryder, Benin and the Europeans.
S Interview,Eghaghe (2014). 81 years old, retired civil servant.
P Igbafe Benin Under British Administration….
E Ose-Amadasun (2014). Key Issues in the Changing Dynamics of the Social Process in Africa (1).
W Isard (1992). The Eight Essential Steps to Conflict Resolution.
O Oche (2006). From Dispute to Dialogue, Essays on Conflict and Conflict Resolution.
Itemire Anne,Ogbimi Andrew,Macdonald Idu (2014). Phytochemistry and antimicrobial activity of Zanthoxylum zanthoxyloides root used as chewing stick in Nigeria.
H,Ling Roth (1972). Great Benin: Its Customs, Art and Horrors.
P Igbafe (1979). Benin Under British Administration.
Hrh Interview With,T Idu-Akenzua (2014). Unknown Title.
P Igbafe Unknown Title.
N See (2020). See attached file.
B (1905). Fifty-fifth Report of the Inspectors of Lunatics on the District, Criminal, and Private Asylums in Ireland for the year ending December 31st, 1905.
Raymond Ammann (2014). ‘Au ‘ero.
Hrh Interview With (2014). Idu-Akenzua, 59 years old, Enogie of Oghobaghase Dukedom.
(2014). Linking research and practice in the business world.
P See,Igbafe Unknown Title.
(1929). Marriage. Nullification. Concealment of Antenuptial Pregnancy Where Husband Himself Also Had Illicit Premarital Relations with Wife.
Alan Ryder (1967). The Rise of Benin Kingdom.
See Burton (1990). Conflict: Human Needs Theory.
(1985). The Political Economy of Crisis and Underdevelopment in Africa: Selected Works of Claude Ake (Lagos: JAD, 1980) and A.A. Boahen.
(2014). Linking research and practice in the business world.
Pa Interview,Benson Ehodon (2014). years old, farmer.
P Igbafe (1979). Benin Under British Administration.
See Roth (1972). Great Benin: Its Customs, Art and Horrors.
Chief Interview,Ero Osemwengie (2014). the Edobayokhae of Benin Kingdom.
P Igbafe Unknown Title.
(2014). Unknown Title.

Download References

Funding

No external funding was declared for this work.

Conflict of Interest

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Ethical Approval

No ethics committee approval was required for this article type.

Data Availability

Not applicable for this article.

How to Cite This Article

Felix Ejukonemu. 2014. \u201cConflict Resolution in Pre-Colonial Benin\u201d. Global Journal of Human-Social Science - D: History, Archaeology & Anthropology GJHSS-D Volume 14 (GJHSS Volume 14 Issue D6): .

More Citation Formats

Select Citation Style:

Download Citation

Download Article

GJHSS Volume 14 Issue D6
Pg. 7- 14

Explore Journals Explore Volume Read This Issue

Journal Specifications

Crossref Journal DOI 10.17406/GJHSS

Print ISSN 0975-587X

e-ISSN 2249-460X

Keywords

conflict resolution pre-colonial and benin

Submission ReceivedDecember 6, 2013
Peer Review Double Blind
Handling Editor
Accepted January 4, 2014
Published January 15, 2014

Version of record

v1.2

Issue date

November 26, 2014

Language

Experiance in AR

Explore published articles in an immersive Augmented Reality environment. Our platform converts research papers into interactive 3D books, allowing readers to view and interact with content using AR and VR compatible devices.

View in VR

Read in 3D

Your published article is automatically converted into a realistic 3D book. Flip through pages and read research papers in a more engaging and interactive format.

View in 3D

Article Matrices

Total Score: 101

Country: Nigeria

Subject: Global Journal of Human-Social Science - D: History, Archaeology & Anthropology

Authors: Felix Ejukonemu Oghi (PhD/Dr. count: 0)

View Count (all-time): 150

Total Views (Real + Logic): 4415

Total Downloads (simulated): 2227

Publish Date: 2014 11, Wed

Monthly Totals (Real + Logic):

Month 1: 35 views
Month 2: 48 views
Month 3: 43 views
Month 4: 66 views
Month 5: 55 views
Month 6: 33 views
Month 7: 41 views
Month 8: 30 views
Month 9: 21 views
Month 10: 34 views
Month 11: 41 views
Month 12: 32 views
Month 13: 36 views
Month 14: 16 views
Month 15: 34 views
Month 16: 30 views
Month 17: 31 views
Month 18: 31 views
Month 19: 15 views
Month 20: 24 views
Month 21: 44 views
Month 22: 25 views
Month 23: 30 views
Month 24: 15 views
Month 25: 21 views
Month 26: 21 views
Month 27: 39 views
Month 28: 20 views
Month 29: 22 views
Month 30: 24 views
Month 31: 27 views
Month 32: 25 views
Month 33: 18 views
Month 34: 39 views
Month 35: 24 views
Month 36: 28 views
Month 37: 34 views
Month 38: 23 views
Month 39: 41 views
Month 40: 24 views
Month 41: 38 views
Month 42: 41 views
Month 43: 46 views
Month 44: 30 views
Month 45: 29 views
Month 46: 37 views
Month 47: 16 views
Month 48: 43 views
Month 49: 22 views
Month 50: 31 views
Month 51: 26 views
Month 52: 32 views
Month 53: 38 views
Month 54: 27 views
Month 55: 25 views
Month 56: 31 views
Month 57: 46 views
Month 58: 37 views
Month 59: 29 views
Month 60: 31 views
Month 61: 21 views
Month 62: 39 views
Month 63: 35 views
Month 64: 41 views
Month 65: 15 views
Month 66: 37 views
Month 67: 29 views
Month 68: 25 views
Month 69: 39 views
Month 70: 38 views
Month 71: 42 views
Month 72: 18 views
Month 73: 40 views
Month 74: 27 views
Month 75: 28 views
Month 76: 48 views
Month 77: 14 views
Month 78: 16 views
Month 79: 16 views
Month 80: 26 views
Month 81: 25 views
Month 82: 23 views
Month 83: 16 views
Month 84: 36 views
Month 85: 25 views
Month 86: 48 views
Month 87: 16 views
Month 88: 47 views
Month 89: 39 views
Month 90: 30 views
Month 91: 38 views
Month 92: 26 views
Month 93: 19 views
Month 94: 34 views
Month 95: 23 views
Month 96: 30 views
Month 97: 20 views
Month 98: 22 views
Month 99: 28 views
Month 100: 36 views
Month 101: 39 views
Month 102: 43 views
Month 103: 44 views
Month 104: 35 views
Month 105: 43 views
Month 106: 32 views
Month 107: 33 views
Month 108: 37 views
Month 109: 35 views
Month 110: 22 views
Month 111: 41 views
Month 112: 16 views
Month 113: 37 views
Month 114: 26 views
Month 115: 41 views
Month 116: 44 views
Month 117: 25 views
Month 118: 26 views
Month 119: 28 views
Month 120: 19 views
Month 121: 36 views
Month 122: 25 views
Month 123: 21 views
Month 124: 25 views
Month 125: 30 views
Month 126: 39 views
Month 127: 30 views
Month 128: 30 views
Month 129: 37 views
Month 130: 30 views
Month 131: 38 views
Month 132: 34 views
Month 133: 34 views
Month 134: 39 views
Month 135: 43 views
Month 136: 36 views
Month 137: 32 views
Month 138: 21 views

Total Views: 4415

Total Downloads: 2227

2026 Trends

Published Article

Our website is actively being updated, and changes may occur frequently. Please clear your browser cache if needed. For feedback or error reporting, please email [email protected]