1. O See,Osadolor (2001). The Military System of Benin Kingdom, c. 1440-1897. The Military System of Benin Kingdom, c. 1440-1897
2. (1983). Two main reasons could be advanced for this, namely. The Royal Art of Benin: The Pearls Collection in the Metropolitan Museum of Art
3. A Ryder (1969). Benin and the Europeans. Benin and the Europeans, 1485-1897.
4. O Osadolor The Military System of Benin…. The Military System of Benin…
5. J Egharevba (1968). A Short History of Benin. A Short History of Benin
6. (1961). In the context of language learning, one cause of pragmalinguistic failure is pragmalinguistic transfer, the use of L1 speech act strategies or formulas when interacting with members of an L2 speech community (Leech 1983). This trans-fer has been addressed in a number of speech act/event studies (e.g. Blum-Kulka 1982, 1983; Olshtain 1983; Olshtain and Cohen 1983; Edmonson, House, Kasper, and Stemmer 1984; Thomas 1984; Eisenstein and Bodman 1986; Garcia 1989; Wolfson 1989a; Beebe, Takahashi, and Uliss-Weltz 1990; Takahashi and Beebe 1993). In the anecdote at the beginning of this paper, the American, in respond-ing to Arabic compliments by transferring an appropriate response from his L1 to an L2, believes that he is politely accepting the compliment. However, if the native Arabic speaker interprets the illocutionary force of the utterance differently (e.g. interprets the response as impolite and inappropriate) pragmatic failure has occurred. It is, however, difficult, at times, to determine whether the pragmatic failure results from L1 transfer or from other factors. Hurley (1992), for example, notes that pragmatic failure may also result from developmental and proficiency factors or from L2 learners overgeneralizing the use of an L2 form to inappropriate set-tings. Stated differently, it is sometimes difficult to know why language learners experience certain kinds of pragmatic failure. In order to understand the reasons behind pragmatic failure, it is helpful, and perhaps even necessary, to conduct cross-cultural research to investigate students’ L1 strategies (Wolfson 1989a). Speech act and speech event studies have been criticized as being ethnocentric in that most have investigated variations of English (Blum-Kulka, House, and Kasper 1989). Rose (1994) further points out that, in particular, little work has been done in non-Western contexts. The present study is valuable, in part, because it was conducted in Arabic as well as English. Compliment responses were selected for cross-cultural study for two reasons. First, although a body of knowledge exists on the speech act of complimenting (Wolfson 1981, 1983; Manes 1983; Knapp, Hopper, and Bell 1984; Barnlund and Araki 1985; Holmes and Brown 1987; Nelson, El Bakary, and Al-Batal 1993), less research has been conducted on responses to compliments. For non-native English speak-ing (NNES) students, knowing how to compliment is important, but it is equally important to know how to respond to a compliment. In fact, it could be argued that for NNES students in the United States, appropriately responding to compli-ments is more important than complimenting because of the frequency with which Americans compliment (Wolfson 1983; Holmes and Brown 1987; Herbert 1988). In other words, ESL students may receive more compliments than they initiate. A second reason is that, although a few studies have been conducted on compli-ment responses in English-speaking countries (Pomerantz 1978; Herbert 1988; Herbert and Straight 1989), few, if any, cross-cultural studies have investigated compli-ment responses in an Arabic-speaking country. For the purpose of this study, a compliment response is defined as a verbal acknowledgement that the recipient of the compliment heard and reacted to the compliment. Compliment/compliment response interactions have been referred to. Pragmatics and Discourse, 2, 172-172.
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13. Walt Whitman (2014). Gifts — Money — Discrimination. Specimen Days, 30
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31. P Igbafe Unknown Title. Benin Under British Administration…, 23(43), 29.
32. P Igbafe (null). Serdica. Ara lapidea, inventa ibid. Benin Under British Administration…, 32.
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34. See Afolayan (2000). Carolina Academic Press. African History Before, 1885, 161-163.
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43. P Igbafe (1979). Benin Under British Administration. Benin Under British Administration, 19-69.
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51. P See,Igbafe Unknown Title. Benin Under British Administration…, 22.
52. (1929). Marriage. Nullification. Concealment of Antenuptial Pregnancy Where Husband Himself Also Had Illicit Premarital Relations with Wife. Harvard Law Review, 42(8), 1081.
53. Alan Ryder (1967). The Rise of Benin Kingdom. The Middle Age of African History, 29.
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57. Pa Interview,Benson Ehodon (2014). years old, farmer. Siluko Town, Ovia South-West Local Government Area of Edo State, 76, 22-28.
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59. See Roth (1972). Great Benin: Its Customs, Art and Horrors. Great Benin: Its Customs, Art and Horrors, 103.
60. Chief Interview,Ero Osemwengie (2014). the Edobayokhae of Benin Kingdom. the Edobayokhae of Benin Kingdom, 30
61. P Igbafe Unknown Title. Benin Under British Administration…, 29.
62. (2014). Unknown Title. Interview with Chief Osemwegie Ero, 30(8)
