Neural Networks and Rules-based Systems used to Find Rational and Scientific Correlations between being Here and Now with Afterlife Conditions
Neural Networks and Rules-based Systems used to Find Rational and
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This study was carried out in four districts of Punjab province of Pakistan with a focus to examine milk market integration, price adjustments and price spreads in short-run and long-run equilibrium for fluid milk. Price transmission describes how a price change at one level of market chain corresponds to another level. Vector Error Correction Model (VECM) was applied to estimate the symmetry of price transmission. Monthly average prices of milk producer and consumer covering the period from 2010 to 2016 were used in the empirical analysis. Seasonality was an important factor in milk production and was kept in account. Stationarity between farm and retail prices was examined through Augmented-Dicky Fuller (ADF) test whereas, the nature of long-term co-integration among price series was estimated by Johansen co-integration test.
Mazhir Nadeem Ishaq. 2016. \u201cDairy Farmersa Welfare Losses from Farm-to-Retail Milk Price Adjustments: Highlight on Market Integration and Price Transmission\u201d. Global Journal of Management and Business Research - B: Economic & Commerce GJMBR-B Volume 16 (GJMBR Volume 16 Issue B7): .
Crossref Journal DOI 10.17406/GJMBR
Print ISSN 0975-5853
e-ISSN 2249-4588
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Total Score: 133
Country: China
Subject: Global Journal of Management and Business Research - B: Economic & Commerce
Authors: Mazhir Nadeem Ishaq, Li Cui Xia, Rukhsana Rasheed (PhD/Dr. count: 0)
View Count (all-time): 138
Total Views (Real + Logic): 3463
Total Downloads (simulated): 1708
Publish Date: 2016 12, Tue
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This study was carried out in four districts of Punjab province of Pakistan with a focus to examine milk market integration, price adjustments and price spreads in short-run and long-run equilibrium for fluid milk. Price transmission describes how a price change at one level of market chain corresponds to another level. Vector Error Correction Model (VECM) was applied to estimate the symmetry of price transmission. Monthly average prices of milk producer and consumer covering the period from 2010 to 2016 were used in the empirical analysis. Seasonality was an important factor in milk production and was kept in account. Stationarity between farm and retail prices was examined through Augmented-Dicky Fuller (ADF) test whereas, the nature of long-term co-integration among price series was estimated by Johansen co-integration test.
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