Neural Networks and Rules-based Systems used to Find Rational and Scientific Correlations between being Here and Now with Afterlife Conditions
Neural Networks and Rules-based Systems used to Find Rational and
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Monitoring and predicting variations in land surface temperature (LST) and soil moisture index (SMI) using remote sensing technology and modeling methodologies has become essential for making knowledgeable choices regarding crop production, surface evaporation calculation, identification of potential groundwater, and sustain able land use practices. LANDSAT data has opened new possibilities for studying land processes through remote sensing. This study aims to estimate LST and SMI in the Bharatpur municipality, Chitwan, Nepal using ArcGIS software and Landsat 8 data. The four bands of Landsat 8 including band 4, band 5, band 10, and band 11 are used. Running various empirical formulas including normalized difference vegetation index, atmosphere radiance, satellite brightness temperature, land surface emissivity and using the Landsat bands within ArcGIS, processing on the geographic coordinate system (World Geodetic System 1984) and the projected coordinate system UTM (Universal Transverse Mercator) zone 45 N, facilitates the estimation of both land surface temperature and soil moisture index.
Ramji Kshetri. 2026. \u201cEstimation of Land Surface Temperature (LST) and Soil Moisture Index (SMI) using Satellite Image: A Case Study in BharatpurMunicipality, Chitwan, Nepal\u201d. Global Journal of Human-Social Science - B: Geography, Environmental Science & Disaster Management GJHSS-B Volume 24 (GJHSS Volume 24 Issue B3): .
Crossref Journal DOI 10.17406/GJHSS
Print ISSN 0975-587X
e-ISSN 2249-460X
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Total Score: 111
Country: Germany
Subject: Global Journal of Human-Social Science - B: Geography, Environmental Science & Disaster Management
Authors: Ramji Kshetri (PhD/Dr. count: 0)
View Count (all-time): 149
Total Views (Real + Logic): 906
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Publish Date: 2026 01, Fri
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Monitoring and predicting variations in land surface temperature (LST) and soil moisture index (SMI) using remote sensing technology and modeling methodologies has become essential for making knowledgeable choices regarding crop production, surface evaporation calculation, identification of potential groundwater, and sustain able land use practices. LANDSAT data has opened new possibilities for studying land processes through remote sensing. This study aims to estimate LST and SMI in the Bharatpur municipality, Chitwan, Nepal using ArcGIS software and Landsat 8 data. The four bands of Landsat 8 including band 4, band 5, band 10, and band 11 are used. Running various empirical formulas including normalized difference vegetation index, atmosphere radiance, satellite brightness temperature, land surface emissivity and using the Landsat bands within ArcGIS, processing on the geographic coordinate system (World Geodetic System 1984) and the projected coordinate system UTM (Universal Transverse Mercator) zone 45 N, facilitates the estimation of both land surface temperature and soil moisture index.
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