Evaluating the Environmental Impact of Ethanol Fuel: Particle Number Emissions in Flex-Fuel Vehicles

1
Alexandre Olmos
Alexandre Olmos
2
Marcos Ricardo Rosa Georges
Marcos Ricardo Rosa Georges
3
Vinicius Eduardo Ferrari
Vinicius Eduardo Ferrari
4
Candido Ferreira Da Silva Filho
Candido Ferreira Da Silva Filho
5
Juan Arturo Castañeda-Ayarza
Juan Arturo Castañeda-Ayarza

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GJHSS Volume 23 Issue H6

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In Europe, the EURO 6 Light Duty emission standards, a consequence of Diesel vehicles, introduced limits for particle number (PN) of Gasoline Direct Injection (GDI) engines. Given the extremely small particles’ concern about health effects, the same limits were set (6.0 x 1011 #/km) for diesel and GDI cars. In Brazil, the current phase for light vehicles of PROCONVE L6 enforced particulate matter (PM) mass emission standards for Diesel vehicles only, applying the limits of 25 mg/km for passenger cars and 30 mg/km for commercial vehicles. Similar to the European concern, even not considering the particle number (PN) emissions, future Brazilian phase L7, which is under study, considers a significant reduction in the limit of the particulate matter (PM) mass emission from current limits down to 6 mg/km for both Diesel and DI engines, for passenger and commercial vehicles. Aiming to contribute to hydrated ethanol fuel sustainability discussion compared to gasoline and for generating reference data regarding particle number (PN) emissions, which can be used for future emissions regulations of Flex-Fuel vehicles in the Brazilian market, this article explores particle number (PN) measurements of Flex-Fuel Vehicles equipped with direct injection (DI) and port fuel injection (PFI) engines, fueled with ethanol (E100) and gasohol (E22).

Funding

No external funding was declared for this work.

Conflict of Interest

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

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No ethics committee approval was required for this article type.

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Not applicable for this article.

Alexandre Olmos. 2026. \u201cEvaluating the Environmental Impact of Ethanol Fuel: Particle Number Emissions in Flex-Fuel Vehicles\u201d. Global Journal of Human-Social Science - H: Interdisciplinary GJHSS-H Volume 23 (GJHSS Volume 23 Issue H6): .

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Efficient evaluation of ethanol fuel's environmental effects using particle number emissions.
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GJHSS Volume 23 Issue H6
Pg. 51- 61
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Crossref Journal DOI 10.17406/GJHSS

Print ISSN 0975-587X

e-ISSN 2249-460X

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GJHSS-H Classification: FOR Code: 0904
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October 5, 2023

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English

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In Europe, the EURO 6 Light Duty emission standards, a consequence of Diesel vehicles, introduced limits for particle number (PN) of Gasoline Direct Injection (GDI) engines. Given the extremely small particles’ concern about health effects, the same limits were set (6.0 x 1011 #/km) for diesel and GDI cars. In Brazil, the current phase for light vehicles of PROCONVE L6 enforced particulate matter (PM) mass emission standards for Diesel vehicles only, applying the limits of 25 mg/km for passenger cars and 30 mg/km for commercial vehicles. Similar to the European concern, even not considering the particle number (PN) emissions, future Brazilian phase L7, which is under study, considers a significant reduction in the limit of the particulate matter (PM) mass emission from current limits down to 6 mg/km for both Diesel and DI engines, for passenger and commercial vehicles. Aiming to contribute to hydrated ethanol fuel sustainability discussion compared to gasoline and for generating reference data regarding particle number (PN) emissions, which can be used for future emissions regulations of Flex-Fuel vehicles in the Brazilian market, this article explores particle number (PN) measurements of Flex-Fuel Vehicles equipped with direct injection (DI) and port fuel injection (PFI) engines, fueled with ethanol (E100) and gasohol (E22).

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Evaluating the Environmental Impact of Ethanol Fuel: Particle Number Emissions in Flex-Fuel Vehicles

Alexandre Olmos
Alexandre Olmos
Marcos Ricardo Rosa Georges
Marcos Ricardo Rosa Georges
Vinicius Eduardo Ferrari
Vinicius Eduardo Ferrari
Candido Ferreira Da Silva Filho
Candido Ferreira Da Silva Filho
Juan Arturo Castañeda-Ayarza
Juan Arturo Castañeda-Ayarza

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