Hubble Volume, Cosmic Variable Proton Mass and the CMB Radiation Energy Density

Abstract

It is noticed that, in the accelerating universe, proton mass, proton size and the strong coupling constant are cosmic variable constants. Independent of the cosmic red shift and CMBR observations, cosmic acceleration can be verified by measuring the `rate of decrease’ in the proton mass. Cosmic initial conditions can be addressed with the Planck mass and the coulomb mass Based on the Mach’s principle and the characteristic Hubble mass of the present universe, it is noticed that, in the Hubble volume, critical density, observed matter density and the thermal energy density are in geometric series and the geometric ratio is 1 + ln (M 0 / M C ). In this connection, it can be suggested that -in understanding the basics of grand unification and cosmology, cosmic Hubble volume can be given a chance.

A Study of Conflict Issues Affecting Ugandan Housemaids who Migrate to Saudi Arabia and How to Mitigate them

March 10, 2026

This study aims to comprehensively analyse the complex interplay between