If you haven’t been exploited, you are not in the live Music industry: Decent Work and Informality in the live Music Ecosystem in South Africa

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Avril L Joffe
Avril L Joffe
2
Florence Mukanga-Majachani
Florence Mukanga-Majachani
1 University of the Witwatersrand, South Africa

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If you haven’t been exploited, you are not in the live Music industry: Decent Work and Informality in the live Music Ecosystem in South Africa Banner
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This paper addresses how the predominantly atypical nature of cultural and creative work (CCW) (freelance, contractor, casual, once-off or part-time basis) is overlaid or impacted on by informality in the African context. The research presented here on Live Music is part of a larger study undertaken on commission from ILO, “Promoting Decent Work in the African Cultural and Creative Economy” which focused on 5 sectors (cultural heritage, dance, fashion, film and tv and live music) in all 5 African subregions (North Africa, Central Africa, East Africa, West Africa and Southern Africa) respectively. The paper offers a conceptual framework consisting of the triad of the atypical nature of work in the CCEs, precariousness and informality against the backdrop of a Decent Work agenda. The focus is on the views of musicians and practitioners about the nature of work in the live music ecosystem in South Africa. It concludes with a set of policy recommendations that are distinct for two reasons: first, rather than conventional measures to formalise the informal economy it suggests shining a spotlight on the specificities of live music work, understanding its unique value chain and adopting measures to engage more productively with the informal actors throughout the value chain; second rather than highlighting deficits, it suggests greater government support for associations, trade unions and employer bodies for the live music ecosystem to bring the decent work discussion into conversation with representative and organised stakeholders.

Funding

No external funding was declared for this work.

Conflict of Interest

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Ethical Approval

No ethics committee approval was required for this article type.

Data Availability

Not applicable for this article.

Avril L Joffe. 2026. \u201cIf you haven’t been exploited, you are not in the live Music industry: Decent Work and Informality in the live Music Ecosystem in South Africa\u201d. Unknown Journal GJHSS-C Volume 23 (GJHSS Volume 23 Issue C2): .

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This paper addresses how the predominantly atypical nature of cultural and creative work (CCW) (freelance, contractor, casual, once-off or part-time basis) is overlaid or impacted on by informality in the African context. The research presented here on Live Music is part of a larger study undertaken on commission from ILO, “Promoting Decent Work in the African Cultural and Creative Economy” which focused on 5 sectors (cultural heritage, dance, fashion, film and tv and live music) in all 5 African subregions (North Africa, Central Africa, East Africa, West Africa and Southern Africa) respectively. The paper offers a conceptual framework consisting of the triad of the atypical nature of work in the CCEs, precariousness and informality against the backdrop of a Decent Work agenda. The focus is on the views of musicians and practitioners about the nature of work in the live music ecosystem in South Africa. It concludes with a set of policy recommendations that are distinct for two reasons: first, rather than conventional measures to formalise the informal economy it suggests shining a spotlight on the specificities of live music work, understanding its unique value chain and adopting measures to engage more productively with the informal actors throughout the value chain; second rather than highlighting deficits, it suggests greater government support for associations, trade unions and employer bodies for the live music ecosystem to bring the decent work discussion into conversation with representative and organised stakeholders.

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If you haven’t been exploited, you are not in the live Music industry: Decent Work and Informality in the live Music Ecosystem in South Africa

Avril L Joffe
Avril L Joffe University of the Witwatersrand, South Africa
Florence Mukanga-Majachani
Florence Mukanga-Majachani

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