Improving our Understanding of the Klein–Gordon Equation

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Peter J Bussey
Peter J Bussey
α University of Glasgow University of Glasgow

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Improving our Understanding of the Klein–Gordon Equation

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Abstract

A detailed consideration of the Klein-Gordon equation in relativistic quantum mechanics is presented in order to offer more clarity than many standard approaches. The equation is frequently employed in the research literature, even though problems have often been raised regarding its second-order nature, the status of its negative-energy solutions and the formulation of particle density and flux. Most of these problems can be avoided by dismissing the negative energy solutions. An application of the equation to a broad wave-packet shows that a small amendment to the usual relativistic formalism can be helpful to demonstrate continuity with the non-relativistic case, although difficulties remain when the proposed quantum state has a broad relativistic energy distribution.

References

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Funding

No external funding was declared for this work.

Conflict of Interest

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

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No ethics committee approval was required for this article type.

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Not applicable for this article.

How to Cite This Article

Peter J Bussey. 2026. \u201cImproving our Understanding of the Klein–Gordon Equation\u201d. Global Journal of Science Frontier Research - A: Physics & Space Science GJSFR-A Volume 22 (GJSFR Volume 22 Issue A7): .

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Detailed research on Klein-Gordon equation's role in understanding quantum fields. Focus areas include theoretical derivation and practical applications.
Issue Cover
GJSFR Volume 22 Issue A7
Pg. 11- 19
Journal Specifications

Crossref Journal DOI 10.17406/GJSFR

Print ISSN 0975-5896

e-ISSN 2249-4626

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GJSFR-A Classification: DDC Code: 530.12 LCC Code: QC174.12
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v1.2

Issue date

December 12, 2022

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en
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A detailed consideration of the Klein-Gordon equation in relativistic quantum mechanics is presented in order to offer more clarity than many standard approaches. The equation is frequently employed in the research literature, even though problems have often been raised regarding its second-order nature, the status of its negative-energy solutions and the formulation of particle density and flux. Most of these problems can be avoided by dismissing the negative energy solutions. An application of the equation to a broad wave-packet shows that a small amendment to the usual relativistic formalism can be helpful to demonstrate continuity with the non-relativistic case, although difficulties remain when the proposed quantum state has a broad relativistic energy distribution.

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Improving our Understanding of the Klein–Gordon Equation

Peter J Bussey
Peter J Bussey University of Glasgow

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