Mopane Worm (Gonimbrasia belina)Utilisation, a Potential Source of Protein in Fortified Blended Foods in Zimbabwe: A Review

Raphael Kwiri
Raphael Kwiri
Clive Winini
Clive Winini
Perkins Muredzi
Perkins Muredzi
Jeritah Tongonya
Jeritah Tongonya
Wishmore Gwala
Wishmore Gwala
Felix Mujuru
Felix Mujuru
Shannon T. Gwala
Shannon T. Gwala
Harare Institute of Technology

Send Message

To: Author

Mopane Worm (Gonimbrasia belina)Utilisation, a Potential Source of Protein in Fortified Blended Foods in Zimbabwe: A Review

Article Fingerprint

ReserarchID

E016U

Mopane Worm (Gonimbrasia belina)Utilisation, a Potential Source of Protein in Fortified Blended Foods in Zimbabwe: A Review Banner

AI TAKEAWAY

Connecting with the Eternal Ground
  • English
  • Afrikaans
  • Albanian
  • Amharic
  • Arabic
  • Armenian
  • Azerbaijani
  • Basque
  • Belarusian
  • Bengali
  • Bosnian
  • Bulgarian
  • Catalan
  • Cebuano
  • Chichewa
  • Chinese (Simplified)
  • Chinese (Traditional)
  • Corsican
  • Croatian
  • Czech
  • Danish
  • Dutch
  • Esperanto
  • Estonian
  • Filipino
  • Finnish
  • French
  • Frisian
  • Galician
  • Georgian
  • German
  • Greek
  • Gujarati
  • Haitian Creole
  • Hausa
  • Hawaiian
  • Hebrew
  • Hindi
  • Hmong
  • Hungarian
  • Icelandic
  • Igbo
  • Indonesian
  • Irish
  • Italian
  • Japanese
  • Javanese
  • Kannada
  • Kazakh
  • Khmer
  • Korean
  • Kurdish (Kurmanji)
  • Kyrgyz
  • Lao
  • Latin
  • Latvian
  • Lithuanian
  • Luxembourgish
  • Macedonian
  • Malagasy
  • Malay
  • Malayalam
  • Maltese
  • Maori
  • Marathi
  • Mongolian
  • Myanmar (Burmese)
  • Nepali
  • Norwegian
  • Pashto
  • Persian
  • Polish
  • Portuguese
  • Punjabi
  • Romanian
  • Russian
  • Samoan
  • Scots Gaelic
  • Serbian
  • Sesotho
  • Shona
  • Sindhi
  • Sinhala
  • Slovak
  • Slovenian
  • Somali
  • Spanish
  • Sundanese
  • Swahili
  • Swedish
  • Tajik
  • Tamil
  • Telugu
  • Thai
  • Turkish
  • Ukrainian
  • Urdu
  • Uzbek
  • Vietnamese
  • Welsh
  • Xhosa
  • Yiddish
  • Yoruba
  • Zulu
Font Type
Font Size
Font Size
Bedground

Abstract

Primarily, Mopane worm (G. belina) forms a major part of the most consumed and highly nutritious (protein averages 55.41%) insect in Zimbabwe. The insect offers a great potential source of protein that could be utilised to alleviate diet deficiencies diseases among most vulnerable groups in society. The insect could form a foundation for new food products that are based on its substantial nutritive value. The paper reviews nutritional potential of G. belina to the human diet through its use in fortified blended foods (FBFs) formulations, making it an alternative substitute for conventional sources of protein, such as soybean, common bean and nuts. In view of that, G. belina through FBFs could be used as food aid in humanitarian relief programs in Zimbabwe in fighting against rampant malnutrition especially among rural population and urban dwellers.

References

102 Cites in Article
  1. K Adelodun,F Aguilar-Miranda,M Lopez,C Escamilla-Santana,P Barba De La,Rosa (2002). Soybean: Africa's Potential Cinderella Food Crop, Soybean-Biochemistry, Mopane Worm (Gonimbrasia belina) Utilisation, a Potential Source of Protein in Fortified Blended Foods in Zimbabwe: A Review 2.
  2. L Alayande,K Mustapha,J Dabak,G Ubom (2012). Comparison of Nutritional Values of Brown and White Beans in Jos North Local Government Markets.
  3. Joseph Allotey,M Simpanya,Sisai Mpuchane (2003). INSECT AND MYCOFLORA INTERACTIONS IN MAIZE FLOUR.
  4. J Allotey,S Mpuchane,B Gashe,G Siame (1996). Insect Pests Associated with stored Mophane Worm, Imbrasia belina Westwood (Lepidoptera: Saturniidae) in Botswana.
  5. (2011). Module 11.
  6. J Ashipala,T Garoes,C Flower (1996). Mopane caterpillar resource utilization and marketing in Namibia.
  7. S Audu,M Aremu (2011). Effect of Processing on Chemical Composition of Red Kidney Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.).
  8. W Aykroyd,J Doughty,A Walker (1982). Unknown Title.
  9. P Ayoola,A Adeyeye (2012). Chemical evaluation of food value of groundnut (Arachi hypogaea) seeds.
  10. E Bartlet (1996). The secret Santa strategy.
  11. John Beddington (2010). Global food and farming futures.
  12. S Belluco,C Losasso,M Maggioletti,M Alonzi,M Paoletti,A Ricci (2013). Edible Insects in a Food Safety and Nutritional Perspective: A Critical Review.
  13. F Bliss (1975). Cowpea in Nigeria.
  14. M Blum (1994). The limits of entomophagy: a discretionary gourmand in a world of toxic insects.
  15. Rolf Boot,Edward Blommaart,Erwin Swart,Karen Ghauharali-Van Der Vlugt,Nora Bijl,Cassandra Moe,Allen Place,Johannes Aerts (2001). Identification of a Novel Acidic Mammalian Chitinase Distinct from Chitotriosidase.
  16. R Boot,G Renkema,A Strijland,A Van Zonneveld,J Aerts (1995). Cloning of a cDNA encoding chitotriosidase, a human chitinase produced by macrophages.
  17. Sandra Bukkens (1997). The nutritional value of edible insects.
  18. M Campos-Mondragón,A Calderón De La Barca,A Durán-Prado,L Campos-Reyes,R Oliart-Ros,J Ortega-García,L Medina-Juárez,O Angulo (2008). Nutritional composition of new Peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) cultivars.
  19. J Capinera (2004). Unknown Title.
  20. J Cheftel,J Cuq,D Lorient (1985). Amino acids, peptides, and proteins.
  21. Chagwena Dexter,B Sithole,R Masendu,V Chikwasha,C Maponga (1991). Knowledge, attitudes and perceptions towards genetically modified foods in Zimbabwe.
  22. Yi-Te Chou,Shihua Yao,Robert Czerwinski,Margaret Fleming,Rustem Krykbaev,Dejun Xuan,Huanfang Zhou,Jonathan Brooks,Lori Fitz,James Strand,Eleonora Presman,Laura Lin,Ann Aulabaugh,Xinyi Huang (2006). Kinetic Characterization of Recombinant Human Acidic Mammalian Chitinase.
  23. B Da Silva,C Carrão-Panizzi,H Prudâncio (2009). Chemical and physical composition of grain-type and food type soybean for food processing.
  24. G De Foliart (1997). An overview of the role of edible insects in preserving biodiversity.
  25. J Dreyer,A Wehmeyer (1982). Die skrywer in die afrikaanse sisteem.
  26. S Dube,C Dube (2010). Towards improved utilization of macimbi Imbrasia belina Linnaeus, 1758 as food and financial resource for people in the Gwanda district of.
  27. J Ejigui,J Savoie,J Marin,T Desrosiers (2005). Influence of traditional processing methods.
  28. K Ekpo (2005). Nutritional Potentials of the Larva of Rhynchophorus phoenicis (F).
  29. Encu (2004). Emergency Nutrition Coordination Unit (ENCU) Early Warning Department Disaster Prevention and Preparedness Commission (DPPC) Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
  30. Sajana Thapa,Anucha Sirimalaisuwan,Kannika Na Lampang,Veerasak Panyapornwittaya,Warangkhana Chaisowwong (2008). Assessment of knowledge, attitude and practices of people toward Japanese Encephalitis in endemic areas of Nepal.
  31. Gracia Brisco,Verna Carolissen-Mackay,Annamaria Bruno (2010). The global framework for food chemical risk assessment.
  32. (2010). world-food-day-october-16th-2010-united-against-hunger-oct-14-2010.
  33. (2013). Edible insects: future prospects for food and feed security.
  34. C Flower,G Wardell-Johnson,A Jamieson (1996). Management of mopane in southern Africa.
  35. R Gahukar (2009). Food security: the challenges of climate change and bioenergy.
  36. R Gahukar (2011). Entomophagy and human food security.
  37. I Gajzaho (1998). Cultivated plants primarily as food sources, Vol 1, nutritional aspects of legumes.
  38. A Gardiner (2005). English version of manuscript.
  39. A Gardiner (2003). Internal Final Report: Mopane Woodlands and the Mopane Worm: Enhancing Rural Livelihoods and Resource Sustainability.
  40. J Ghazoul (2006). Mopani woodlands and the mopane worm: enhancing rural livelihoods and resource sustainability.
  41. R Glew,D Jackson,L Sena,D Vander Jagt,M Milson (1999). Gonimbrasia belina (Lepidoptera: Saturniidae): a nutritional food source rich in protein, fatty acids and minerals.
  42. C Hedley (2001). Introduction..
  43. G Hertz (1997). Production of pre-cooked fortified foods in Kenya: A success story.
  44. F Jimu,T Mtasa,W Mubvekeri (1982). The Control of Cotton White Mealybug Using Sanitary, Chemical and Biological Techniques in Zimbabwe.
  45. P Hobane (1995). Amacimbi: the gathering, processing, consumption and trade of edible caterpillars in Bulilimamangwe District.
  46. C Hoppe,G Andersen,S Jacobsen,C Mølgaard,H Friis,P Sangild,K Michaelsen (2008). The Use of Whey or Skimmed Milk Powder in Fortified Blended Foods for Vulnerable Groups: A Literature Review.
  47. C Offor (1996). Comparative Chemical Analyses of Vernonia amygdalina and Azadirachta indica Leaves.
  48. Peter Illgner,Etienne Nel (2000). The Geography of Edible Insects in Sub‐Saharan Africa: a study of the Mopane Caterpillar.
  49. Shoba Sivasankar,David Bergvinson,Pooran Gaur,Shiv Kumar Agrawal,Steve Beebe,Manuele Tamò (1989). Achieving sustainable cultivation of grain legumes Volume 2.
  50. D Johnson (2008). The contribution of edible forest insects to human nutrition and to forest management: current status and future potential.
  51. G Kent (2002). Africa's food security under globalization.
  52. John Kinyuru,Glaston Kenji,Simon Njoroge,Monicah Ayieko (2011). Effect of Processing Methods on the In Vitro Protein Digestibility and Vitamin Content of Edible Winged Termite (Macrotermes subhylanus) and Grasshopper (Ruspolia differens).
  53. H Klunder,J Wolkers-Rooijackers,J Korpela,M Nout (2012). Microbiological aspects of processing and storage of edible insects.
  54. S Koide (1998). Chitin-chitosan: Properties, benefits and risks.
  55. W Kozanayi,P Frost (2002). Marketing of Mopane Worm in Southern Zimbabwe.
  56. Parmod Kumar (2010). Functioning of the Public Distribution System in India.
  57. R Kumar (2005). Research methodology ,A step-bystep guide for beginners.
  58. J Lee,S Hathaway (1998). The challenge of designing valid HACCP plans for raw food commodities.
  59. O Madibela,K Mokwena,S Nsoso,T Thema (2009). Chemical composition of mopane worm sampled at three different sites. in Botswana subjected to different processing.
  60. M Mahata,A Dharma,H Ryanto,Y (2008). Effect of substituting shrimp waste hydrolysate of Penaeus merguensis for fish meal in broiler performance.
  61. N Majeti,R Kumar (2000). A Review of chitin and chitosan application.
  62. E Marais (1996). Omaungu in Namibia: Imbrasia belina (Saturniidae:Lepidoptera) as a commercial resource.
  63. L Mendel,M Fine (1912). Studies in Nutrition. IV. The utilization of the proteins of legumes.
  64. A Mohapatra,C Rath,S Dash,R Mishra (2002). Microbiological evaluation of street foods in Bhubaneshwar.
  65. John Moreki,Bamphitlhi Tiroesele (2012). TERMITES AND EARTHWORMS AS POTENTIAL ALTERNATIVE SOURCES OF PROTEIN FOR POULTRY.
  66. S Mpuchane,B Gashe,J Allotey,B Siame,G Teferra,M Ditlhogo (2000). Quality deterioration of phane, the edible caterpillar of an emperor moth Imbrasia belina.
  67. R Muzzarelli,J Boudrant,D Meyer,N Manno,M Demarchis,M Paoletti (2012). Current views on fungal chitin/chitosan, human chitinases, food preservation, glucans, pectins and inulin: a tribute to Henri Braconnot, precursor of the carbohydrate polymers science, on the chitin bicentennial.
  68. S Nielsen,W Brandt,B Singh (1993). Genetic variability for nutritional composition and cooking time of improved cowpea lines.
  69. T Nyakudya (2004). Determination of the Nature and Level of Contamination of Dried Larvae of the moth, Imbrasia belina (Mopane Worms) by Microorganisms.
  70. O Ohiokpehai,S Mpotokwane,B Sekwati,A Bertinuson (1996). Expanding the use of phane, a nutritionally rich local food.
  71. Sisai Mpuchane,Berhanu Gashe (1996). Prevalence of Coliforms in Traditionally Dried Leafy Vegetables Sold in Open Markets and Food Stores in Gaborone, Botswana.
  72. Okechukwu Okezie,Koloi Kgomotso,Mavis Letswiti (2010). Mopane worm allergy in a 36-year-old woman: a case report.
  73. Olusola Omueti,B Singh (1987). Nutritional Attributes of Improved Varieties of Cowpea (Vigna Unguiculata (L.) Walp.).
  74. O Oniang,J Mutuku (2001). IUFoST Newsline.
  75. E Onyeike,J Oguike (2003). Influence of heat processing methods on the nutrient composition and lipid characterization of groundnut (Arachis hypogaea) seed pastes.
  76. M Paoletti (2005). Ecological Implications of Minilivestock: Potential of Insects, Rodents, Frogs and Snails for Sustainable Development.
  77. Alexandre Paulino,Julliana Simionato,Juliana Garcia,Jorge Nozaki (2006). Characterization of chitosan and chitin produced from silkworm crysalides.
  78. R Phillips (1982). Preparation and composition of a dry‐milled flour from cowpeas.
  79. Mopane Worm ; Pitetti,R,D Kuspis,E Krenzelok (1999). Gonimbrasia belina) Utilisation, a Potential Source of Protein in Fortified Blended Foods in Zimbabwe: A Review 80.
  80. B Platt (1962). Tables of representative values of foods.
  81. J Ramos-Elorduy (1997). Insects: A sustainable source of food?.
  82. G Renkeman,R Boot,A Muijsers,A Donker-Koopma (1995). Purification and characterization of human chitotriosidase, a novel member of the chitinase family of proteins.
  83. Craig Roberts (1998). Long-term costs of the mopane worm harvest.
  84. Jonathan Rowe,William Brodegard,Oscar Pike,Frost Steele,Michael Dunn (2008). Storage, Preparation, and Usage of Fortified Food Aid among Guatemalan, Ugandan, and Malawian Beneficiaries: A Field Study Report.
  85. M Sekhwela (198). The nutritive value of mophane bread-mophane insect secretion (maphote or moaboti).
  86. B Simone,L Carmen,M Michela,C Cristiana,G Maurizio,R Antonia (2013). Edible Insects in a Food Safety and Nutritional Perspective: A Critical Review.
  87. F Sosulski,L Elkowicz,R Reichert (1982). Oligosaccharides in Eleven Legumes and Their Air‐Classified Protein and Starch Fractions.
  88. S Srivasatva,H Naresh,Badu (2009). Traditional insect bioprospecting-As human food and medicine.
  89. J Stack,A Dorward,T Gondo,P Frost,F Taylor,N Kurebgaseka (2003). Mopane Worm Utilisation and Rural Livelihoods in Southern Africa.
  90. C Styles (1996). The Biological Ecology of Imbrasia belina (Saturnidae) with reference to its Behaviour, Physiology, Distribution, Population dynamics, Impact within Mopane Veld and Utilization within South Africa.
  91. C Styles,J Skinner (1996). Possible factors contributing to the exclusion of saturniid caterpillars (mopane worms) from a protected area in Botswana.
  92. F Taylor (2003). FY16 Botswana Country Opinion Survey Report.
  93. J Timberlake (1996). Colophospermum mopane -a tree for all seasons.
  94. J Timberlake (1995). Colophospermum mopane. Annotated bibliography and review.
  95. R Tinsley (2009). Assessing the Soybean value Chain Analysis in Kenya.
  96. (2012). Zimbabwe USAID-BEST Analysis.
  97. (2011). NDB.
  98. H Van (2003). Insects as food in Sub-Saharan Africa. Insect Science and Its Application.
  99. Arnold Van Huis (2012). Potential of Insects as Food and Feed in Assuring Food Security.
  100. E Van Voorthuizen (1996). The mopane tree.
  101. P Viljoen (1989). Habitat selection and preferred food plants of a desert‐dwelling elephant population in the northern Namib Desert, South West Africa/Namibia.
  102. C Xiaoming,F Ying,Z Hong ; Durst,D Johnson,D Leslie,R (2004). (Gonimbrasia belina) Utilisation, a Potential Source of Protein in Fortified Blended Foods in Zimbabwe: A Review 93.

Funding

No external funding was declared for this work.

Conflict of Interest

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Ethical Approval

No ethics committee approval was required for this article type.

Data Availability

Not applicable for this article.

How to Cite This Article

Raphael Kwiri. 2015. \u201cMopane Worm (Gonimbrasia belina)Utilisation, a Potential Source of Protein in Fortified Blended Foods in Zimbabwe: A Review\u201d. Global Journal of Science Frontier Research - D: Agriculture & Veterinary GJSFR-D Volume 14 (GJSFR Volume 14 Issue D10).

Download Citation

Journal Specifications

Crossref Journal DOI 10.17406/GJSFR

Print ISSN 0975-5896

e-ISSN 2249-4626

Version of record

v1.2

Issue date
January 14, 2015

Language
en
Experiance in AR

Explore published articles in an immersive Augmented Reality environment. Our platform converts research papers into interactive 3D books, allowing readers to view and interact with content using AR and VR compatible devices.

Read in 3D

Your published article is automatically converted into a realistic 3D book. Flip through pages and read research papers in a more engaging and interactive format.

Article Matrices
Total Views: 4623
Total Downloads: 2246
2026 Trends
Related Research
Our website is actively being updated, and changes may occur frequently. Please clear your browser cache if needed. For feedback or error reporting, please email [email protected]

Request Access

Please fill out the form below to request access to this research paper. Your request will be reviewed by the editorial or author team.
X

Quote and Order Details

Contact Person

Invoice Address

Notes or Comments

This is the heading

Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit. Ut elit tellus, luctus nec ullamcorper mattis, pulvinar dapibus leo.

High-quality academic research articles on global topics and journals.

Mopane Worm (Gonimbrasia belina)Utilisation, a Potential Source of Protein in Fortified Blended Foods in Zimbabwe: A Review

Raphael Kwiri
Raphael Kwiri <p>Harare Institute of Technology</p>
Clive Winini
Clive Winini
Perkins Muredzi
Perkins Muredzi
Jeritah Tongonya
Jeritah Tongonya
Wishmore Gwala
Wishmore Gwala
Felix Mujuru
Felix Mujuru
Shannon T. Gwala
Shannon T. Gwala

Research Journals