Musca Domestica: A Vector of Pathogenic Microorganisms and Biocontrol Approaches

α
abir_s_al-nasser
abir_s_al-nasser
σ
Abir S. Al-Nasser
Abir S. Al-Nasser
ρ
Dina E. El-Ghwas
Dina E. El-Ghwas
Ѡ
Aisha A. Al-Sheikhy
Aisha A. Al-Sheikhy

Send Message

To: Author

Musca Domestica: A Vector of Pathogenic Microorganisms and Biocontrol Approaches

Article Fingerprint

ReserarchID

8O4CT

Musca Domestica: A Vector of Pathogenic Microorganisms and Biocontrol Approaches Banner

AI TAKEAWAY

Connecting with the Eternal Ground
  • English
  • Afrikaans
  • Albanian
  • Amharic
  • Arabic
  • Armenian
  • Azerbaijani
  • Basque
  • Belarusian
  • Bengali
  • Bosnian
  • Bulgarian
  • Catalan
  • Cebuano
  • Chichewa
  • Chinese (Simplified)
  • Chinese (Traditional)
  • Corsican
  • Croatian
  • Czech
  • Danish
  • Dutch
  • Esperanto
  • Estonian
  • Filipino
  • Finnish
  • French
  • Frisian
  • Galician
  • Georgian
  • German
  • Greek
  • Gujarati
  • Haitian Creole
  • Hausa
  • Hawaiian
  • Hebrew
  • Hindi
  • Hmong
  • Hungarian
  • Icelandic
  • Igbo
  • Indonesian
  • Irish
  • Italian
  • Japanese
  • Javanese
  • Kannada
  • Kazakh
  • Khmer
  • Korean
  • Kurdish (Kurmanji)
  • Kyrgyz
  • Lao
  • Latin
  • Latvian
  • Lithuanian
  • Luxembourgish
  • Macedonian
  • Malagasy
  • Malay
  • Malayalam
  • Maltese
  • Maori
  • Marathi
  • Mongolian
  • Myanmar (Burmese)
  • Nepali
  • Norwegian
  • Pashto
  • Persian
  • Polish
  • Portuguese
  • Punjabi
  • Romanian
  • Russian
  • Samoan
  • Scots Gaelic
  • Serbian
  • Sesotho
  • Shona
  • Sindhi
  • Sinhala
  • Slovak
  • Slovenian
  • Somali
  • Spanish
  • Sundanese
  • Swahili
  • Swedish
  • Tajik
  • Tamil
  • Telugu
  • Thai
  • Turkish
  • Ukrainian
  • Urdu
  • Uzbek
  • Vietnamese
  • Welsh
  • Xhosa
  • Yiddish
  • Yoruba
  • Zulu

Abstract

House fly “Musca domestica” Linnaeus is a common insect widely distributed all over the world and is one of the domestic insect pests found associated with human and animal. Due to their habits and habitats, house flies are able to transmit several pathogenic microorganisms to man such as: bacteria, fungi and virus. House flies are not just annoying human and animal, but they also have been known as vectors of infectious microorganisms either mechanically or biologically. Chemical insecticides have been used for many years and have been known as the most effective approach in house fly management but due to their side effects on the environment and the increasing development of pest resistance to each new chemical, studies tended to explore new alternative methods in pest control. Biological methods including different predators, parasites, entomopathogenic micro-organisms and botanical extracts showed in the last years a practical and effective ecofriendly method to control insect pests including house fly and at the same time safe on human and animal.

References

100 Cites in Article
  1. K Achiano,J Giliomee (2005). Biology of the House Fly Predator Carcinops pumilio (Erichson) (Coleoptera: Histeridae).
  2. Aqeel Ahmad,Anuradha Ghosh,Coby Schal,Ludek Zurek (2011). Insects in confined swine operations carry a large antibiotic resistant and potentially virulent enterococcal community.
  3. Sharmin Akter,Abdullah Sabuj,Zobayda Haque,Md. Rahman,Md. Kafi,Sukumar Saha (2020). Detection of antibiotic-resistant bacteria and their resistance genes from houseflies.
  4. S Asaeedi,A Ghada,Abou El-E,G Osman (2017). Overexpression and Cytocidal Activity of Parasporin-1 from Bacillus thuringiensis against Human Cancer Cell Lines.
  5. O Bahareth,Z Alsahhaf,S Abdulmajeed,A Hijji,G Osman (2018). The Effect of Bacillus thuringiensis Israelensis (Bti) as a Microbial Control agent against Musca domestica in Makkah Region. Journal of Histeridae) dispersal and potential for suppression of dispersal behavior.
  6. H Kaya,R Gaugler (1993). Entomopathogenic Nematodes.
  7. J Keiding (1986). The house fly: biology and control.
  8. B Kellar,G Langenfruch (1993). Control of coleopteran pests by Bacillus thuringiensis.
  9. F Kelling (2001). Olfaction in houseflies: Morphology and electrophysiology.
  10. Sean Kelly,Maxton Pitcher,Susan Farmery,Glenn Gibson (1994). Isolation of Helicobacter pylori from feces of patients with dyspepsia in the United Kingdom.
  11. G Khachatourians (1991). Physiology and genetics of entomopathogenic fungi.
  12. Faham Khamesipour,Kamran Lankarani,Behnam Honarvar,Tebit Kwenti (2018). A systematic review of human pathogens carried by the housefly (Musca domestica L.).
  13. B King (1997). Effects of age and burial of house fly pupae (Diptera: Muscidae) on parasitism by Spalangiacameroni and Muscidifurax raptor (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae).
  14. M Kobayashi,T Sasaki,N Saito,K Tamura,K Suzuki,H Watanabe,N Agui (1999). Houseflies: not simple mechanical vectors of enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli O157:H7..
  15. Kritaya Kongsuwan,Joanne Gough,David Kemp,Andrew Mcdevitt,Ray Akhurst (2005). Characterization of a new<i>Bacillus thuringiensis</i>endotoxin, Cry47Aa, from strains that are toxic to the Australian sheep blowfly,<i>Lucilia cuprina</i>.
  16. O Koul,S Walia,G Dhaliwal (2008). Microbial Biopesticides.
  17. Toshinori Kozaki,Seán Brady,Jeffrey Scott (2009). Frequencies and evolution of organophosphate insensitive acetylcholinesterase alleles in laboratory and field populations of the house fly, Musca domestica L..
  18. P Kumar,S Mishra,A Malik,S Satya (2011). Repellent, larvicidal and pupicidal properties of essential oils and their formulations against the housefly, <i>Musca domestica</i>.
  19. Hirohisa Kuramoto,Mitsuaki Shimazu (1997). Control of House Fly Populations by Entomophthora muscae (Zygomycotina: Entomophthorales) in a Poultry House.
  20. I Labib,M Rady (2001). Application of Bacillus thuringiensis in poultry houses as a biological controlagent against the housefly, Musca domestica sorbens.
  21. Roberto Lecuona,Mariana Turica,Federico Tarocco,Diana Crespo (2005). Microbial Control of<i>Musca domestica</i>(Diptera: Muscidae) with Selected Strains of<i>Beauveria bassiana</i>.
  22. S Levy,B Marshall (2004). Antibacterial resistance worldwide: causes, challenges, and responses.
  23. Verena-Ulrike Lietze,Adly Abd-Alla,Marc Vreysen,Christopher Geden,Drion Boucias (2011). Salivary Gland Hypertrophy Viruses: A Novel Group of Insect Pathogenic Viruses.
  24. V Lietze,C Geden,P Blackburn,D Boucias (2007). Effects of salivary gland hypertrophy virus on the reproductive behavior of the housefly, Musca domestica.
  25. Verena-Ulrike Lietze,Tamer Salem,Pannipa Prompiboon,Drion Boucias (2010). Tissue tropism of the Musca domestica salivary gland hypertrophy virus.
  26. Null- Lietze,Kelly Sims,Tamer Salem,Christopher Geden,Drion Boucias (2009). Transmission of MdSGHV among adult house flies, Musca domestica (Diptera: Muscidae), occurs via oral secretions and excreta.
  27. D Lindquist,M Abusowa,Mjr Hall (1992). The New World screwworm fly in Libya: a review of its introduction and eradication.
  28. T Lysyk,L Kalischuk-Tymensen,K Rochon,L Selinger (2010). Activity of <I>Bacillus thuringiensis</I> Isolates Against Immature Horn Fly and Stable Fly (Diptera: Muscidae).
  29. L Macovei,L Zurek (2006). Ecology of Antibiotic Resistance Genes: Characterization of Enterococci from Houseflies Collected in Food Settings.
  30. Anushree Malik,Neena Singh,Santosh Satya (2007). House fly (<i>Musca domestica</i>): A review of control strategies for a challenging pest.
  31. Eric Martens,Eugenio Vivas,Kurt Heungens,Charles Cowles,Heidi Goodrich-Blair (2004). Investigating mutualism between entomopathogenic bacteria and nematodes.
  32. B Meerburg,H Vermeer,A Kijlstra (2007). Controlling Risks of Pathogen Transmission by Flies on Organic Pig Farms.
  33. Burcu Memmi (2010). Mortality and knockdown effects of imidacloprid and methomyl in house fly (Musca domestica L., Diptera: Muscidae) populations.
  34. L Mian,H Maag,J Tacal (2002). Core logs from Soda Lake, San Bernardino County, California.
  35. J Miller,W Chamberlain (1989). Azadirachtin as a larvicide against the horn fly, stable fly, and house fly.
  36. R Miller,L Pickens,C Gordon (1971). Effect of Bacillus thuringiensis in Cattle Manure on House Fly Larvae123.
  37. Bradley Mullens,Jeffery Meyer,Tracy Cyr (1987). Infectivity of Insect-parasitic Nematodes (Rhabditida: Steinernematidae, Heterorhabditidae) for Larvae of Some Manure-breeding Flies (Diptera: Muscidae).
  38. L Mwamburi,M Laing,R Miller (2008). Laboratory and Field Evaluation of Formulated<i>Bacillus thuringiensis</i>var.<i>israelensis</i>as a Feed Additive and Using Topical Applications for Control of<i>Musca domestica</i>(Diptera: Muscidae) Larvae in Caged-Poultry Manure.
  39. S Nandi,J Maurer,C Hofacre,A Summers (2004). Gram-positive bacteria are a major reservoir of Class 1 antibiotic resistance integrons in poultry litter.
  40. D Nayduch,G Pittman Noblet,F Stutzenberger (2002). Vector potential of houseflies for the bacterium <i>Aeromonas caviae</i>.
  41. Mansour Nazari,T Mehrabi,S Hosseini,M Alikhani (2017). Bacterial Contamination of Adult House Flies (Musca domestica) and Sensitivity of these Bacteria to Various Antibiotics, Captured from Hamadan City, Iran.
  42. W Nazni,B Seleena,H Lee,J Jeffery,Tar Rogayah,M Sofian (2005). Bacteria fauna from the house fly, Musca domestica (L.).
  43. Gordon Nichols (2005). Fly Transmission of<i>Campylobacter</i>.
  44. Durk-Jouke Van Der Zee,Friso Postema,Thomas Monks,Willemijn Maas,Maarten Lahr,Maarten Uyttenboogaart,Erik Buskens (2001). Maintaining Domain Specific Simulation Modelling Frameworks - A Case Study on Modelling Hyper Acute Stroke Pathways.
  45. Herbert Oberlander,Donald Silhacek,Eli Shaaya,Isaac Ishaaya (1997). Current status and future perspectives of the use of insect growth regulators for the control of stored product insects.
  46. Masanori Oi,Walter Dauterman,Naoki Motoyama (1992). Toxicokinetic Analysis, of Dermally Applied Diazinon in Resistant and Susceptible Houseflies, Musca domestica L..
  47. Alan Olsen,Thomas Hammack (2000). Isolation of Salmonella spp. from the Housefly, Musca domestica L., and the Dump Fly, Hydrotaea aenescens (Wiedemann) (Diptera: Muscidae), at Caged-Layer Houses.
  48. Sara Palacios,Alberto Bertoni,Yanina Rossi,Rocío Santander,Alejandro Urzúa (2009). Efficacy of Essential Oils from Edible Plants as Insecticides Against the House Fly, Musca Domestica L..
  49. Sara Palacios,Alberto Bertoni,Yanina Rossi,Rocío Santander,Alejandro Urzúa (2009). Efficacy of Essential Oils from Edible Plants as Insecticides Against the House Fly, Musca Domestica L..
  50. László Pap,Róbert Farkas (1994). Monitoring of resistance of insecticides in house fly (<i>Musca domestica</i>) populations in hungary.
  51. Rahel Park,Maria Dzialo,Stijn Spaepen,Donat Nsabimana,Kim Gielens,Herman Devriese,Sam Crauwels,Raul Tito,Jeroen Raes,Bart Lievens,Kevin Verstrepen (2019). Microbial communities of the house fly Musca domestica vary with geographical location and habitat.
  52. Roman Pavela (2008). Insecticidal properties of several essential oils on the house fly (<i>Musca domestica</i> L.).
  53. B Pawson,J Petersen (1988). Dispersal of Muscidifurax zaraptor (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae), a Filth Fly Parasitoid, at Dairies in Eastern Nebraska1.
  54. Renata Pessanha,Isabel Carramaschi,Jacenir Dos Santos Mallet,Margareth Queiroz,Viviane Zahner (2015). Evaluation of larvicidal activity and effects on post embrionary development of laboratory reared Lucilia cuprina (Wiedemann, 1830) (Diptera: Calliphoridae), treated with Brevibacillus laterosporus.
  55. A Peters,R-U Ehlers (1994). Susceptibility of leatherjackets (Tipulapaludosaand Tipula oleracea; Tipulidae; Nematocera) to the entomopathogenic nematode Steinernemafeltiae.
  56. D Pimental,J Perkins (1980). Pest control: Cultural and environmental aspects.
  57. D Pinnock (1994). The use of Bacillus thuringiensis for control of pests of livestock.
  58. M Rady,Abdel Raouf,N Labib,I Merdan,A (1992). Bacterial contamination of the housefly Musca domestica, collected from 4 hospitals at Cairo.
  59. N Renn (1998). The efficacy of entomopathogenic nematodes for controlling housefly infestations of intensive pig units.
  60. Iléa Rodrigues,Waderli Tadei,José Dias (1988). Studies on the Bacillus sphaericus Larvicidal Activity against Malarial Vector Species in Amazonia.
  61. O Rosef,G Kapperud (1983). House flies (Musca domestica) as possible vectors of Campylobacter fetus subsp. jejuni.
  62. L Ruiu,G Delrio,D Ellar,I Floris,B Paglietti,S Rubino,A Satta (2006). Lethal and sub-lethal effects of Brevibacilluslaterosporus on the housefly (Musca domestica).
  63. Luca Ruiu,Alberto Satta,Ignazio Floris (2008). Immature House Fly (<i>Musca domestica</i>) Control in Breeding Sites With a New<i>Brevibacillus laterosporus</i>Formulation.
  64. L Ruiu,A Satta,I Floris (2011). Comparative applications of azadirachtin and Brevibacillus laterosporus based formulations for house fly management experiments in dairy farms.
  65. V Rupes,J Ryba,H Hanzlova,J Weiser (1964). The efficiency of beta-exotoxin of Bacillus thuringiensis on susceptible and resistant house fly.
  66. Michael Samish,Itamar Glazer (1992). Infectivity of Entomopathogenic Nematodes (Steinemematidae and Heterorhabditidae) to Female Ticks of Boophilus annulatus (Arachnida: Ixodidae).
  67. H Sanchez-Arroyo,John Capinera (2014). House fly, Musca domestica Linnaeus (Insecta: Diptera: Muscidae).
  68. M Sarwar (2016). House Fly, Musca domestica L. (Diptera: Muscidae).
  69. Toshinori Sasaki,Mutsuo Kobayashi,Noriaki Agui (2000). Epidemiological Potential of Excretion and Regurgitation by <I>Musca domestica</I> (Diptera: Muscidae) in the Dissemination of <I>Escherichia coli</I> O157: H7 to Food.
  70. E Schnepf,N Crickmore,J Van Rie,D Lereclus,J Baum,J Feitelson,D Ziegler,D Dean (1998). Bacillus thuringiensis and its pesticidal crystal proteins.
  71. Jeffrey Scott,Christopher Geden,Donald Rutz,Nannan Lid (1991). Comparative Toxicity of Seven Insecticides to Immature Stages of Musca domestica (Diptera: Muscidae) and Two of Its Important Biological Control Agents, Muscidifurax raptor and Spalangia cameroni (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae).
  72. J Scott,N Liu,M Kristensen,A Clark (2000). A case for sequencing the genome of Musca domestica (Diptera: Muscidae).
  73. Rizwan Shah,Sarfraz Shad,Naeem Abbas (2015). Mechanism, stability and fitness cost of resistance to pyriproxyfen in the house fly, Musca domestica L. (Diptera: Muscidae).
  74. R Sharma,K Saxena (1974). Orientation and Developmental Inhibition in the Housefly by Certain Terpenoids.
  75. Jinliang Shen,F Plapp (1990). Cyromazine Resistance in the House Fly (Diptera: Muscidae): Genetics and Cross-Resistance to Difluhenzuron.
  76. H Skovgård,J Jespersen (1999). Activity and relative abundance of hymenopterous parasitoids that attack puparia of Musca domestica and Stomoxys calcitrans (Diptera: Muscidae) on confined pig and cattle farms in Denmark.
  77. R Smallegange (2004). The Susceptibility of Two Housefly (Musca domestica L.) Groups to Three Carbamate Insecticides and to an N-Acetyl Methlycarbamate.
  78. Marc Solà-Ginés,Juan González-López,Karla Cameron-Veas,Nuria Piedra-Carrasco,Marta Cerdà-Cuéllar,Lourdes Migura-Garcia (2015). Houseflies (Musca domestica) as Vectors for Extended-Spectrum β-Lactamase-Producing Escherichia coli on Spanish Broiler Farms.
  79. Mwansa Songe,Bernard Hang’ombe,Theodore Knight-Jones,Delia Grace (2017). Antimicrobial Resistant Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli and Salmonella spp. in Houseflies Infesting Fish in Food Markets in Zambia.
  80. D Steinkraus,C Geden,D Rutz (1993). Prevalence of Entomophthora muscae (Cohn) Fresenius (Zygomycetes: Entomophthoraceae) in houseflies (Diptera: Muscidae) on dairy farms in New York and induction of epizootics.
  81. Kom Sukontason,Tarinee Chaiwong,Jiraporn Tayutivutikul,Pradya Somboon,Wej Choochote,Somsak Piangjai,Kabkaew Sukontason (2000). Susceptibility of<i>Musca domestica</i>and<i>Chrysomya megacephala</i>to Permethrin and Deltamethrin in Thailand.
  82. Siti Isa,Ismarulyusda Ishak,Azriani Ab Rahman,Nur Mohd Saat,Normah Che Din,Syarif Lubis,Muhammad Mohd Ismail (2000). Perceived Stress and Coping Styles among Malay Caregivers of Children with Learning Disabilities in Kelantan.
  83. A Szalanski,C Owens,T Mckay,C Steelman (2004). Detection of Campylobacter and Escherichia coli O157:H7 from filth flies by polymerase chain reaction.
  84. E Tajbakhsh,S Tajbakhsh,F Khamesipour (2015). Isolation and Molecular Detection of Gram Negative Bacteria Causing Urinary Tract Infection in Patients Referred to Shahrekord Hospitals, Iran.
  85. S Tan,K Yap,H Lee (1997). Mechanical Transport of Rotavirus by the Legs and Wings of Musca domestica (Diptera: Muscidae).
  86. D Taylor,R Moon,G Gibson,A Szalanski (2006). Genetic and Morphological Comparisons of New and Old World Populations of Spalangia Species (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae).
  87. David Taylor,Roger Moon,Darrell Mark (2012). Economic Impact of Stable Flies (Diptera: Muscidae) on Dairy and Beef Cattle Production.
  88. David Taylor,Allen Szalanski,Byron Adams,Richard Peterson (1998). Susceptibility of House Fly (Diptera: Muscidae) Larvae to Entomopathogenic Nematodes (Rhabditida: Heterorhabditidae, Steinernematidae).
  89. R Teakle (1994). Present use of, and problems with, Bacillus thuringiensis in Australia.
  90. J Thomas,G Gibson,M Darboe,Lt ; Weaver,A Dale (1992). Isolation of Helicobacter pylori from human faeces.
  91. Rong Tsao,Sangkyun Lee,Pamela Rice,Cheryl Jensen,Joel Coats (1995). Monoterpenoids and Their Synthetic Derivatives as Leads for New Insect-Control Agents.
  92. Alejandro Urzúa,Rocío Santander,Javier Echeverría,Nancy Cabezas,Sara Palacios,Yanina Rossi (2010). INSECTICIDE PROPERTIES OF THE ESSENTIAL OILS FROM HAPLOPAPPUS FOLIOSUS AND BAHIA AMBROSOIDES AGAINST THE HOUSE FLY, MUSCA DOMESTICA L.
  93. Van Emden,Hf,Db ; Peakall,Vilcinskas (1996). Coevolution between pathogenderived proteinases and proteinase inhibitors of host insects.
  94. D Watson,J Petersen (1993). Seasonal Activity of Entomophthora muscae (Zygomycetes: Entomophthorales) in Musca domestica L (Diptera: Muscidae) with Reference to Temperature and Relative Humidity.
  95. E Weeks,E Machtinger,S Gezan,P Kaufman,C Geden (2017). Effects of four commercial fungal formulations on mortality and sporulation in house flies (Musca domestica) and stable flies (Stomoxys calcitrans).
  96. R Willikins,R Metcalfe (1993). Toxicity of soil applied herbicides to brine shrimp larvae (Artemia salina) and synergism with other pesticides.
  97. Kim Winpisinger,Amy Ferketich,Richard Berry,Melvin Moeschberger (2004). Spread of<i>Musca domestica</i>(Diptera: Muscidae), from Two Caged Layer Facilities to Neighboring Residences in Rural Ohio.
  98. Cristine Zimmer,Luciana Dias De Castro,Sabrina Pires,Adriane Delgado Menezes,Paulo Ribeiro,Fábio Leivas Leite (2013). Efficacy of entomopathogenic bacteria for control of Musca domestica.
  99. L Zurek,S Denning,C Schal,D Watson (2001). Vector Competence of<i>Musca domestica</i>(Diptera: Muscidae) for<i>Yersinia pseudotuberculosis</i>: Table 1.
  100. L Zurek,A Ghosh (2014). Insects represent a link between food animal farms and the urban environment for antibiotic resistance traits.

Funding

No external funding was declared for this work.

Conflict of Interest

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Ethical Approval

No ethics committee approval was required for this article type.

Data Availability

Not applicable for this article.

How to Cite This Article

abir_s_al-nasser. 2021. \u201cMusca Domestica: A Vector of Pathogenic Microorganisms and Biocontrol Approaches\u201d. Global Journal of Science Frontier Research - C: Biological Science GJSFR-C Volume 21 (GJSFR Volume 21 Issue C2): .

Download Citation

Journal Specifications

Crossref Journal DOI 10.17406/GJSFR

Print ISSN 0975-5896

e-ISSN 2249-4626

Keywords
Classification
GJSFR-C Classification: FOR Code: 279999
Version of record

v1.2

Issue date

May 8, 2021

Language
en
Experiance in AR

Explore published articles in an immersive Augmented Reality environment. Our platform converts research papers into interactive 3D books, allowing readers to view and interact with content using AR and VR compatible devices.

Read in 3D

Your published article is automatically converted into a realistic 3D book. Flip through pages and read research papers in a more engaging and interactive format.

Article Matrices
Total Views: 2012
Total Downloads: 1008
2026 Trends
Related Research

Published Article

House fly “Musca domestica” Linnaeus is a common insect widely distributed all over the world and is one of the domestic insect pests found associated with human and animal. Due to their habits and habitats, house flies are able to transmit several pathogenic microorganisms to man such as: bacteria, fungi and virus. House flies are not just annoying human and animal, but they also have been known as vectors of infectious microorganisms either mechanically or biologically. Chemical insecticides have been used for many years and have been known as the most effective approach in house fly management but due to their side effects on the environment and the increasing development of pest resistance to each new chemical, studies tended to explore new alternative methods in pest control. Biological methods including different predators, parasites, entomopathogenic micro-organisms and botanical extracts showed in the last years a practical and effective ecofriendly method to control insect pests including house fly and at the same time safe on human and animal.

Our website is actively being updated, and changes may occur frequently. Please clear your browser cache if needed. For feedback or error reporting, please email [email protected]

Request Access

Please fill out the form below to request access to this research paper. Your request will be reviewed by the editorial or author team.
X

Quote and Order Details

Contact Person

Invoice Address

Notes or Comments

This is the heading

Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit. Ut elit tellus, luctus nec ullamcorper mattis, pulvinar dapibus leo.

High-quality academic research articles on global topics and journals.

Musca Domestica: A Vector of Pathogenic Microorganisms and Biocontrol Approaches

Abir S. Al-Nasser
Abir S. Al-Nasser
Dina E. El-Ghwas
Dina E. El-Ghwas
Aisha A. Al-Sheikhy
Aisha A. Al-Sheikhy

Research Journals