Non-Hodgkins lymphomas are malignant lymphatic tumors, mainly affecting B cells. Generally occur in children and young adults with different forms of treatment, however most treatments are accompanied by tumoral relapse. Recently, many researches have been made to identify the best treatment with positive long-term outcomes. In that regard, CAR-T cell treatment has been recognized for its accessibility and effect, it utilizes T cells with chimeric antigen receptors, facilitating cancerous cells detection after non-response to the regular R-CHOP treatment. As data-base 26 research papers were found, with 23 of them being utilized.
## I. INTRODUÇÃO
Os linfomas não hodgkin são um grupo de tumores malignos que caracterizam $90\%$ dos linfomas conheceiros. Nesse viés, eles podem comprometer linfocitos B, linfocitos T ou linfocitos NK, sentido divididos también por estas masmas celulas. (24,25)
A Presence desse tipo de tumor está ligado a diversos fatores, como estados de imunossuppression, infecções por virus (Virus Epstein-Barr (EBV), Virus Linfotrópico de Células T Humanas (HTLV-1), Virus da Hepatite C (VHC), etc), tabagismo, etilismo, ingestão excessiva de carne vermelha e gordura, obesidade, além de fatores genéticos, principalmente as mutações que ocorrem com as proteinas de HLA, situadas no cromossomo 6 (24)
Sendo marcado principalmente pela Presence de linfadenopatia, sua sintomatologia varia dependendo se o linfoma se encaixa em agressivo ou indolente. Nesse viés, seu estadiamento é feito pela classificação de Ann Arbor e em sua avaliação utilizes resonança magnética, tomografia computadorizada e biopsia (25)
Quando pensamos em tratamento, various tratamentos já vem sendo testados e realizados, como agentes monoclonais e imunomoduladores, contudo, a terapia com celulas CAR-T vem se destacando cada vez mais no cenário (2, 19)
Ingles
Non-Hodgkin lymphomas are a group of malignant tumors that account for $90\%$ of known lymphomas. In this context, they can affect B lymphocytes, T lymphocytes, or natural killer (NK) cells, and are also divided based on these same cells. (24,25)
The presence of this type of tumor is associated with various factors, such as immunosuppression, viral infections (Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), Human T-lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1), Hepatitis C virus (HCV), etc.), smoking, alcohol consumption, excessive intake of red meat and fat, obesity, as well as genetic factors, particularly mutations that occur in HLA proteins located on chromosome 6. (24)
Marked mainly by the presence of lymphadenopathy, its symptoms vary depending on whether the lymphoma is aggressive or indolent. In this regard, staging is performed using the Ann Arbor classification, and magnetic resonance imaging, computed tomography, and biopsy are used for evaluation. (25) When it comes to treatment, various methods have been tested and used, such as monoclonal antibodies and immunomodulators. However, CAR-T cell therapy has been increasingly prominent in the field. (2, 19)
## II. FUNCIONAMENTO DE CELULAS CAR-T
Atualmente, para o tratamento de Linfomas Não-Hodgkins tem sido realizados Receptores de Antigenos Quiméricos de Linfócitos T(CAR-T) por aparecem Resultados positivos com redução tumoral, as moleculas CAR permitem que os linfócitos identifiquem as celulas tumorais independente do antigoeno leucocitário e as destroem(2).
A molécula CAR possui uma estrutura semelhante a anticorpos monoclonais para identificacao de antigenos especialicos. A quarta e ultima geração da molécula CAR, lem de possuir, sinais de ativação e duração do periodo proliferativo, garantindo oefeito de lise tumoral já presentes na terreira geração. Não contam com uma expressão transgênica que possibilita a sintese e modulação de citocinas irreestritas por antigoeno(TRUCK) para destruição de celulas tumorais e normais proxiesmos acos tumores (2, 23).
Nocontexto do tratamento de Linfomas NaoHodgkins, o principal alvo das celulas CAR-T são osmarcadores de membrana CD19, presentes nas celulasB, dessa forma, são efetivos no tratamento de linfomasagressivos de Linfocitos B, aparecido remissaocomplete em $54\%$ dos casos e parcial $28\%$.(2)
English
Currently, for the treatment of Non-Hodgkin lymphomas, Chimeric Antigen Receptor T-cell (CAR-T) therapies have been used due to their positive results in tumor reduction. CAR molecules allow lymphocytes to identify tumor cells independently of leukocyte antigens and destroy them. (2)
The CAR molecule has a structure similar to monoclonal antibodies for the identification of specific antigens. The fourth and latest generation of CAR molecules, in addition to having activation signals and duration of the proliferative period, ensures the effect of tumor lysis already present in the third generation. They also have transgenic expression that enables the synthesis and modulation of antigen-unrestricted cytokines (TRUCK) for the destruction of tumor cells and normal cells near the tumors. (2, 23) In the context of Non-Hodgkin lymphoma treatment, the primary target of CAR-T cells is the CD19 membrane marker present in B cells. Therefore, they are effective in the treatment of aggressive B-cell lymphomas, achieving complete remission in $54\%$ of cases and partial remission in $28\%$. (2)
## III. EFICÁCÍA DO TRATAMENTO
Para que o tratamento possua resultados positivos, é importante analisar a situação do paciente, assim como os resultados de tratamentos convencionais. Pois tratamentos com celulas CAR-T possuem altíssimas chances de gerarem efeitos colaterais, principalmente pela producao exacerbada de citocinas geradoras de lise cellular independente de antigeno, PODENDO GERAR dano tecidual sistémico, algo do elevado valor para utilizesao de celulas CAR-T.(23)
Dessa forma, linfomas com pior prognóstico, ou que não apareceu uma resposta esperada ao tratamento quimioterápico habitual como R-CHOP se beneficiariam da utilizesçao de celulas CAR-T se realizados sob monitoramento profissional.
Autilização de célicas CAR-T é uma alternativa com efeito curativo importante, mesmo paraicos de linfomas mais variados, mas para mantê-lo como esta ferramenta importante no combate a Linfomas Não-Hodgkins é importante monitorar seu efeitos e, principalmente as respostas desenvolidas pelas célicas tumorais.
English
Therefore, lymphomas with a worse prognosis or those that did not respond as expected to conventional chemotherapy treatments like R-CHOP would benefit from the use of CAR-T cells if used under professional monitoring.
The use of CAR-T cells is an important curative alternative, even for different types of diverse lymphomas. However, to maintain it as an important tool in the fight against Non-Hodgkin lymphomas, it is important to monitor its effects and, most importantly, the responses developed by the tumor cells.
## IV. RESISTÊNCIA AO TRATAMENTO
Sob ocontexto evoluacionario, é importante regular autilização do tratamento com celulas CAR-T, almejando desenvolvimento de uma resistência tumoral ao fator anticorpo do CAR, o qual poderia inutilizar o tratamento com estas celulas.(23)
Assim como una molécula viral, um fator de acelerada reprodução cellular possui tendências a mutatedes, assim, uma mutateda aleatoria que dificultasse o contato entre celulas CAR e as celulas tumorais, ou desenvolvimento de outras mecanismo de sobrevivência cellular prolongada, poderia dificuldar os tratamentos por diferentes mecanismos e inutilizar as celulas CAR-T, abalando a estrutura e meios de tratamento de differedes neoplasias.
Originalmente, o tratamento com receptores CAR era utilizado para leucemias variadas, mas com o desenvolvimento das différentes geraisões de moléculas CAR, almejando torná-lo cada vez mais efetivo. Entretanto, as celulas tumorais también poder evoluir, desenvolvendo resistências variadas, que poderiam inutilizar anos de pesquisa. Portanto, levando em consideração os riscos, é essential que o tratamento seja monitorado e utilizes quando estável, e estritamente necessário.
English
Under the evolutionary context, it is important to regulate the use of CAR-T cell therapy in order to prevent the development of tumor resistance to the CAR antibody factor, which could render the treatment with these cells ineffective. (23)
Similar to a viral molecule, a factor that promotes accelerated cell reproduction tends to mutate. Therefore, a random mutation that hinders the interaction between CAR cells and tumor cells, or the development of another mechanism for prolonged cell survival, could make the treatment more challenging through different mechanisms and render CAR-T cells useless, undermining the structure and means of treating various neoplasms.
Originally, CAR receptor therapy was used for various leukemias, but with the development of different generations of CAR molecules, the goal was to make it increasingly effective. However, tumor cells can also evolve and develop various forms of resistance, which could nullify years of research. Therefore, considering the risks involved, it is essential that the treatment be monitored and used when viable and strictly necessary.
## V. TOXICIDADE
O tratamento com célicas CAR-T vem demonstrando toxicidade importante, sendo as principais consequencias a sindrome de tempestade de citocinas (STC) e a neurotoxicidade (NT). Esses fatores vem se comportando como barreiras para esse tipo de tratamento (5,13, 23).
A STC é causada por um grande aumento de celulas CAR-T no individuo e sua posterior ativação, que leva a uma consequente liberação de citocinas, gerando uma responça inflamatória sistémica. Entre seu sintomas está presentes hipertermia, rebaixamento de estado geral e fatiga, PODENDO EVOLUIR com hipotenção, insuficiência respiratória e lesão de orgões alvo (13,23).
Em relaço a NT, os mecanismos fisiopatologicos da mesma não são muito bem conheçados, entretanto tem seo relacionado a condições neurológicas pré-existentes, pacientes jovens, uso de fludarabina para possível linfodepréçao e aumento da dose do tratamento com celulas CAR. Foi evidenciado también sua ligação com apropria STC, pouco é necessário o pré-establishamento da inflamação sistémica para a manifestação da NT. Nesse viés, encefalapatia, ataxia, convulsões, letargia, psicose, afasia, estupor pode ser vistos como sinais de uma toxicidade estabelecida. Ademais, no SNC pode estar presentes disfunções da barreira hematoencefálica, necrose vascular, microtrombos, micro hemorragias, edema e inflamação. Contudo, a maior dos casos pode ser revertida com medicação, como Anakinra, Defibrotida e anticorpos anti-GM-CSF (13, 23).
### English
Treatment with CAR-T cells has demonstrated significant toxicity, with the main consequences being cytokine release syndrome (CRS) and neurotoxicity (NT). These factors have been acting as barriers to this type of treatment. (5, 13, 23)
CRS is caused by a large increase in CAR-T cells in the individual and their subsequent activation, leading to the release of cytokines and resulting in a systemic inflammatory response. Symptoms of CRS include fever, decreased general well-being, and fatigue, which can progress to hypotension, respiratory failure, and organ damage. (13, 23)
Regarding NT, the underlying pathophysiological mechanisms are not well understood. However, it has been shown to be associated with pre-existing neurological conditions, young patients, the use of fludarabine for possible lymphodepletion, and higher CAR-T cell doses. NT has also been linked to CRS itself, as the establishment of systemic inflammation is necessary for NT to manifest. In this regard, encephalopathy, ataxia, seizures, lethargy, psychosis, aphasia, and stupor can be seen as signs of established toxicity. In addition, dysfunctions of the blood-brain barrier, vascular necrosis, microthrombi, microhemorrhages, edema, and inflammation may occur in the central nervous system. However, the majority of cases can be reversed with medication, such as Anakinra, Defibrotide, and anti-GM-CSF antibodies. (13, 23)
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How to Cite This Article
Gilberto de Almeida Peres Neto. 2026. \u201cOne Step to a Cure Outcomes of Experimental Treatments for Non-Hodgkins Lymphomas, A Systematic Review\u201d. Global Journal of Medical Research - F: Diseases GJMR-F Volume 23 (GJMR Volume 23 Issue F5): .
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Non-Hodgkins lymphomas are malignant lymphatic tumors, mainly affecting B cells. Generally occur in children and young adults with different forms of treatment, however most treatments are accompanied by tumoral relapse. Recently, many researches have been made to identify the best treatment with positive long-term outcomes. In that regard, CAR-T cell treatment has been recognized for its accessibility and effect, it utilizes T cells with chimeric antigen receptors, facilitating cancerous cells detection after non-response to the regular R-CHOP treatment. As data-base 26 research papers were found, with 23 of them being utilized.
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