Risk Factors Associated with Transmission of Hepatitis B and Hepatitis C Virus in Pakistan

Umar Saeed

Risk Factors Associated with Transmission of Hepatitis B and Hepatitis C Virus in Pakistan

Umar Saeed * § MS/ M-Phil (Applied Biosciences: Major Healthcare Biotechnology)

Contact

§ Atta-ur-Rahman School of Applied Biosciences (ASAB),...

Risk Factors Associated with Transmission of Hepatitis B and Hepatitis C Virus in Pakistan

Article Fingerprint

ReserarchID

MR58MCW

Risk Factors Associated with Transmission of Hepatitis B and Hepatitis C Virus in Pakistan Banner

Key Research Insights

Synthesized scholarly intelligence & interactive research assistant

Abstract

In Pakistan about 7 to 9 million people are living with HBV and 10 million people are living with HCV, with higher morbidity and mortality. This article reviews prevalence of Hepatitis B and Hepatitis C virus in Pakistan and risk factors associated with transmission of viral hepatitis. A literature search was conducted on research articles from Pubmed, PakMediNet and Google scholar. Prevalence of HBV and HCV infection varies in different regions due to inadequate knowledge and non implementation of international health standards. Majority of Pakistani population lives in rural areas as compared to urban areas. But unfortunately, up to date, no prevalence study has been reported from rural areas of Pakistan depicting HBV and HCV infection. Prevalence of HBV in general population, peds, pregnant women and IDUs was reported 4.5%, 1.8%, 0.34% to 12.62% and 22.4% respectively.

References

37 Cites in Article

Reference Format

S Abdul Mujeeb,M Adil,M Altaf,A Hutin,Y Luby,S (2003). Recycling of injection equipment in Pakistan.
M Alam,W Tariq,Z (2006). Knowledge, attitudes and practices about hepatitis B and C among young healthy males.
Muhammad Alam,Sohail Zaidi,Shehzad Shaukat,Salmaan Sharif,Mehar Angez,Asif Naeem,Shamim Saleha,Javed Butt,Salman Malik (2007). Common Genotypes of Hepatitis B virus prevalent in Injecting drug abusers (addicts) of North West Frontier Province of Pakistan.
M Alam,S Zaidi,S Shaukat,S Sharif,M Angez,A Naeem,S Saleha,J Butt,S Malik (2007). Common genotypes of hepatitis B virus prevalent in injecting drug abusers(addicts) of North West Frontier Province of Pakistan.
M Ali,M Idrees,L Ali,A Hussain,I Rehman,S Saleem,S Afzal,S Butt (2011). Hepatitis B virus in Pakistan: A systematic review of prevalence, risk factors, awareness status and genotypes.
A Altaf,N Saleem,S Abbas,R Muzaffar (2009). High prevalence of HIV infection among injection drug users (IDUs) in Hyderabad and Sukkur, Pakistan.
S Aziz,A Memon,H Tily,I Rasheed,K Jehangir,K Quraishy,M,S (2006). Prevalence of HIV, hepatitis B and C amongst health workers of civil hospital Karachi.
S Aziz,A Memon,H Tily,I Rasheed,K Jehangir,K Quraishy,M,S (2002). Prevalence of HIV, hepatitis B and C amongst health workers of Civil Hospital Karachi.
S Aziz,R Muzzafar,S Hafiz,Z Abbas,M Zafar,S Naqvi,S Rizvi (2007). P0373 DO PAKISTANI CHILDREN ACQUIRE INFECTION WITH HEPATOTROPIC VIRUSES AND H. PYLORI EARLY IN THEIR LIFE?.
I Chaudhary,A Shah,S,K Majrooh,M,A Alvi,A,A (2007). Seroprevalence of hepatitis-B and C among patients reporting in surgical OPD at Fauji Foundation Hospital, Rawlapindi Review of 5 year literature.
Denson Smith (2005). Chronic Hepatitis C: Current disease management.
C Downey (2008). Warn Mothers That Biting Babies' Nails Can Spread Herpes.
J Farooqi,I Farooqi,R,J Khan,N,Mussarat (2007). Frequency of hepatitis B and C in selected groups of population in NWFP Pakistan.
S Hakim,S Kazmi,O Bagasra (2008). Seroprevalence of Hepatitis B and C Genotypes Among Young Apparently Healthy Females of Karachi-Pakistan.
M Hussain,M Khan,A Jan,M,Jan,A (2003). Frequency of hepatitis B and C in hemophiliac children.
Lu-Yu Hwang,Jennifer Kramer,Catherine Troisi,Lara Bull,Carolyn Grimes,Rob Lyerla,Miriam Alter (2006). Relationship of cosmetic procedures and drug use to hepatitis C and hepatitis B virus infections in a low-risk population.
Wasim Jafri,Nadim Jafri,Javed Yakoob,Muhammad Islam,Syed Tirmizi,Tazeen Jafar,Saeed Akhtar,Saeed Hamid,Hasnain Shah,Sheikh Nizami (2006). Hepatitis B and C: prevalence and risk factors associated with seropositivity among children in Karachi, Pakistan.
A Khan,J Luby,S,P Fikree,F Karim,A Obaid,S Dellawala,S Mirza,S Malik,T Fisher-Hoch,S Mccormick,J,B (2000). Unsafe injections and the transmission of hepatitis B and C in a periurban community in Pakistan.
N Khokhar,F Naz (2004). Hepatits B surface antigenemia in patients on hemodialysis.
I Kuo,S Ul-Hasan,N Galai,D Thomas,L Zafar,T Ahmed,M,A Strathdee,S,A (2006). High HCV seroprevalence and HIV drug use risk behaviors among injection drug users in Pakistan.
G Li,W Li,F Guo,S Xuc,N Zhaod,S Chena,L Liu (2010). A novel real-time PCR assay for determination of viral loads in person infected with hepatitis B virus.
S Luby,R Khanani,M Zia,Z Vellani,M Ali,A Qureshi,H Khan,A,J Abdul Mujeeb,S Shah,S,A Fisher-Hoch,S (2000). Evaluation of blood bank practices in Karachi, Pakistan, and the government's response.
W Maddrey,C (2000). Hepatitis B: an important public health issue.
N Malik,Z Hussain (2006). P056: Hepatitis B ‐ Which are the viral targets?.
N Malik,Z Hussain (2006). P056: Hepatitis B ‐ Which are the viral targets?.
I Mirza,A Mirza,S,H Irfan,S Siddiqi,R Tariq,W,Z,Asif (2006). Sero prevalence of Hepatitis B and C in young Adults seeking recruitment in armed forces.
S Mujeeb,S Shah,A Fisher-Hoch,S (2000). Evaluation of blood bank practices in Karachi, Pakistan, and the government's response.
B and hepatitis C in health care workers in Abbottabad.
S Shah,M,A Khan,M,T Zahour-Ullah,N Ashfaq,Y (2005). Prevalence of hepatitis B and hepatitis C virus infection in multitransfused thalassaemia major patients in North West Frontier Province.
S Sheikh,M (2009). Precautions in the Operating Room during COVID-19 Pandemic.
L Simonsen,A Kane,J Lloyd,M Zaffran,M Kane (1999). Unsafe injections in the developing world and transmission of bloodborne pathogens: a review.
Y Waheed,T Rahat,B Safi,S,Z Qadri,I (2010). Epidemiological patterns and risk factors associated with hepatitis B virus in Pakistani population.
Y Waheed,U Saeed,S Safi,Z Chaudhry,W,N Qadri,I (2010). Awareness and risk factors associated with barbers in transmission of hepatitis B and C from Pakistani population: barber's role in viral transmission.
Y Waheed,T Shafi,S Safi,Z Qadri,I (2009). Hepatitis C virus in Pakistan: A systematic review of prevalence, genotypes and risk factors.
Anthony Burton (2009). WHO and UNICEF estimates of national infant immunization coverage: methods and processes.
S Yousfani,F Mumtaz,A Memon,M Memon,A Sikandar,R (2006). Antenatal Screening For Hepatitis B And C Virus Carrier State At A University Hospital.
R Zhu,H Zhang,H Yu,H Li,Y Ling,Q Hu,X,Q Zhu,H,G (2008). Hepatitis B virus mutations associated with in situ expression of hepatitis B core antigen, viral load and prognosis in chronic hepatitis B patients.

Download References

Funding

No external funding was declared for this work.

Conflict of Interest

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Ethical Approval

No ethics committee approval was required for this article type.

Data Availability

Not applicable for this article.

How to Cite This Article

Umar Saeed. 2014. "Risk Factors Associated with Transmission of Hepatitis B and Hepatitis C Virus in Pakistan". Global Journal of Medical Research - F: Diseases GJMR-F Volume 14 (GJMR Volume 14 Issue F1).

More Citation Formats

Select Citation Style:

Download Citation

GJMR Volume 14 Issue F1

Explore Journals Explore Volume Read This Issue

Journal Specifications

Crossref Journal DOI 10.17406/gjmr

Print ISSN 0975-5888

e-ISSN 2249-4618

Keywords

Awareness barbers blood transfusions hepatitis B virus hepatitis C virus needle stick injuries risk factors

Classification

GJMR-F Classification NLMC Code: WI 715

QW 170

Submission ReceivedDecember 9, 2013
Peer Review Double Blind
Handling Editor
Accepted January 2, 2014
Published January 15, 2014

Version of record

v1.2

Issue date

April 29, 2014

Language

English

Experiance in AR

Explore published articles in an immersive Augmented Reality environment. Our platform converts research papers into interactive 3D books, allowing readers to view and interact with content using AR and VR compatible devices.

View in VR

Read in 3D

Your published article is automatically converted into a realistic 3D book. Flip through pages and read research papers in a more engaging and interactive format.

View in 3D

Article Matrices

Total Score: 142

Country: Pakistan

Subject: Global Journal of Medical Research

Authors: Umar Saeed, Sobia Manzoor (PhD/Dr. count: 0)

View Count (all-time): 275

Total Views (Real + Logic): 1508

Total Downloads (simulated): 80

Publish Date: 2014 01, Wed

Monthly Totals (Real + Logic):

Month 1: 58 views
Month 2: 63 views
Month 3: 59 views
Month 4: 51 views
Month 5: 32 views
Month 6: 56 views
Month 7: 38 views
Month 8: 23 views
Month 9: 23 views
Month 10: 31 views
Month 11: 23 views
Month 12: 36 views
Month 13: 29 views
Month 14: 21 views
Month 15: 24 views
Month 16: 23 views
Month 17: 33 views
Month 18: 38 views
Month 19: 33 views
Month 20: 29 views
Month 21: 39 views
Month 22: 16 views
Month 23: 41 views
Month 24: 19 views
Month 25: 26 views
Month 26: 19 views
Month 27: 32 views
Month 28: 34 views
Month 29: 35 views
Month 30: 21 views
Month 31: 11 views
Month 32: 29 views
Month 33: 31 views
Month 34: 30 views
Month 35: 36 views
Month 36: 40 views
Month 37: 23 views
Month 38: 26 views
Month 39: 27 views
Month 40: 17 views
Month 41: 25 views
Month 42: 37 views
Month 43: 15 views
Month 44: 23 views
Month 45: 37 views
Month 46: 23 views
Month 47: 39 views
Month 48: 32 views
Month 49: 35 views
Month 50: 25 views
Month 51: 10 views
Month 52: 40 views
Month 53: 26 views
Month 54: 35 views
Month 55: 16 views
Month 56: 16 views
Month 57: 36 views
Month 58: 23 views
Month 59: 17 views
Month 60: 30 views
Month 61: 30 views
Month 62: 33 views
Month 63: 29 views
Month 64: 35 views
Month 65: 30 views
Month 66: 44 views
Month 67: 22 views
Month 68: 40 views
Month 69: 20 views
Month 70: 39 views
Month 71: 26 views
Month 72: 36 views
Month 73: 20 views
Month 74: 31 views
Month 75: 45 views
Month 76: 17 views
Month 77: 40 views
Month 78: 25 views
Month 79: 40 views
Month 80: 22 views
Month 81: 22 views
Month 82: 37 views
Month 83: 46 views
Month 84: 16 views
Month 85: 31 views
Month 86: 17 views
Month 87: 24 views
Month 88: 33 views
Month 89: 34 views
Month 90: 33 views
Month 91: 28 views
Month 92: 38 views
Month 93: 45 views
Month 94: 26 views
Month 95: 15 views
Month 96: 35 views
Month 97: 44 views
Month 98: 33 views
Month 99: 41 views
Month 100: 31 views
Month 101: 37 views
Month 102: 40 views
Month 103: 27 views
Month 104: 33 views
Month 105: 17 views
Month 106: 33 views
Month 107: 32 views
Month 108: 43 views
Month 109: 41 views
Month 110: 18 views
Month 111: 36 views
Month 112: 31 views
Month 113: 46 views
Month 114: 27 views
Month 115: 23 views
Month 116: 35 views
Month 117: 35 views
Month 118: 19 views
Month 119: 15 views
Month 120: 32 views
Month 121: 37 views
Month 122: 30 views
Month 123: 49 views
Month 124: 28 views
Month 125: 28 views
Month 126: 38 views
Month 127: 41 views
Month 128: 24 views
Month 129: 17 views
Month 130: 26 views
Month 131: 40 views
Month 132: 41 views
Month 133: 21 views
Month 134: 33 views
Month 135: 34 views
Month 136: 43 views
Month 137: 41 views
Month 138: 37 views
Month 139: 40 views
Month 140: 30 views
Month 141: 27 views
Month 142: 23 views
Month 143: 53 views
Month 144: 61 views
Month 145: 58 views
Month 146: 29 views
Month 147: 46 views
Month 148: 22 views
Month 149: 46 views
Month 150: 44 views
Month 151: 40 views
Month 152: 52 views
Month 153: 52 views

Total Views: 1.5K

Total Downloads: 80

All Trends