I. INTRODUCTION

The total livestock population in Ethiopia according to 2014 estimation was 56.71 million cattle, 29.33 million sheep, and 29.11 million goats, which places Ethiopia first in Africa and ninth in the world in terms of total stock populations (CSA, 2015). Despite the reported high livestock population of the country, livestock diseases negatively affect public health and impede economic growth by incurring direct (morbidity and mortality) and indirect economic losses (EARO, 2006).

Most parasitic zoonoses are neglected diseases despite causing a considerable global burden of ill health in humans and having a substantial financial burden on livestock industries. The major contributors to the global burden of parasitic zoonoses are toxoplasmosis, foodborne trematode infections, cysticercosis, echinococcosis, leishmaniasis, and zoonotic schistosomiasis (Torgerson and Macpherson, 2011).

Cysticercus bovis is a food-borne parasitic disease caused by the immature form of the human cestode Taenia saginata commonly referred to as the beef tapeworm (Karshima et al., 2013). Bovine cysticercosis refers to the infection of cattle with metacestodes of the human tapeworm (Ambachew and Yitagel, 2015). This parasite is universally distributed in developing as well as in developed countries (Gracey and Collins, 2011; Cabaret et al., 2002; Dorny et al., 2009).

Transmission of the parasite occurs most commonly in the environment characterized by poor sanitation, primitive livestock husbandry practice, and inadequate meat inspection, management, and control police (Mann, 2014). Cattle become infected through accidental ingestion of food or water which is contaminated with human feces containing viable T. saginata eggs. These eggs can remain viable for several weeks or months in sewage, water, or pasture. After 8-10 weeks the eggs have developed into larvae which establish in bovine skeletal and cardiac muscle and less commonly in fat and visceral organs. They develop into cysticerci (viable cysts), remaining infective for approximately nine months before they eventually die and calcify, and becoming non-infective (non-viable cysts) (Hiepe et al., 2005).

Humans become infected after ingestion of raw or undercooked beef containing infective cysticerci (Dorny et al., 2010). The disease in humans is called taeniasis which is accompanied by symptoms like nausea, abdominal discomfort, epigastric pain, diarrhea, excessive appetite or loss of appetite, weakness, loss of weight, and intestinal blockage. Sometimes, the mobile gravid segments may make their way to unusual sites such as the appendix and biliarytract and may cause serious disorders (WHO, 2013). In cattle, natural infections are normally asymptomatic but they cause financial losses to the cattle industry due to downgrading, condemnation, extra handling, and refrigeration of the infected carcasses.

The main intervention to control bovine cysticercosis is education on hygiene, meat inspection, followed by condemnation or freezing treatment when necessary as prescribed by European legislation, (Laranjo-González, 2000).

The larval stage (Metacestode) of this tapeworm has both public health and economic significance (Taresa et al., 2011) as per an estimate, 50 million cases of such infestations occur worldwide with 50,000 people dying from this problem annually (WHO, 2015). The economic losses resulting from condemnation and downgrading of carcasses and due to treatment of carcasses to make them fit for human consumption (Deressa et al., 2012).

The geographic distribution status of Taeniasis is more serious and less recognized for public health problems in developing countries (Minozzo et al., 2002). Whereas, the distribution of Bovine cysticercosis is international and is very common in Africa. It is highly endemic in areas of Central and East African countries like Ethiopia, Kenya, and Zaire (Acha et al., 2003). According to WHO classification, South American countries are included among the moderate prevalence of Taenia saginata. According to Over et al. (2013), T. saginata metacestode infections in cattle have been reported with higher prevalence from Senegal (20%), Nigeria (0.2-9%), Cameroon (7.2%), Tanzania (0-27%), and Kenya (38-62%). On the other hand, prevalence is very low in developed countries, such as 0.48-1.08% in Germany (Abuseir et al., 2006).

Bovine cysticercosis is widely distributed in Ethiopia and several individuals reported the prevalence of bovine cysticercosis in different parts of the country. According to these reports, a prevalence of 6.4% in Kombolcha Elfora by Alemneh (2015), 9.7% in Gondar by (Dawit, 2012), 21% in Nekemte by Ahmed (2015), 13.85% in Debre Zeit by Getachew (2013), 19.5% in Bahir Dar by (Mulugeta, 2012), and 3.2% in different agro-climatic zones by (Tembo, 2012) was recorded.

The epidemiology of human taeniasis varies from one area to another so control measures appropriate in one area are not necessarily of value in another. Hence, it is essential to have adequate knowledge of the epidemiology of the disease before contemplating control programs, (Teklemariam and Debash, 2015). In Ethiopia, some studies have been conducted on bovine cysticercus at different times. But the studies performed were limited to few parts of the country and there is a scarcity of information on the prevalence of bovine cysticercosis and human taeniasis in and around Jigjiga City. Therefore, the objectives of this study are:

To estimate the prevalence of bovine cysticercosis and associated risk factors as well as studying the localization/organ distribution and viability/degeneration of c. bovis at jigjiga municipal abattoir.

To assess the prevalence of human taeniasis (T. saginata) and factors associated with its occurrence.

II. MATERIALS AND METHODS

a) Study area

The study was conducted in Jigjiga municipal abattoir from November 2019 to April 2020. Jigjiga is the capital city of the Somali Regional State (SRS). Jijiga town is found within the Fafan zone and is located 675 km from Addis Ababa. It is astronomically located at 9°30' N latitude and 42°50' E longitude.20Hence, the average annual temperature of the town is 20°C indicating the existence of sub-tropical temperature condition whereas the mean monthly temperature varies from 17.34°C to 21.43°C in December and April, respectively. The hottest month is May while December is the coldest month with an average annual temperature of 20.02°C. The mean annual rainfall of Jijiga is just about 598 mm. The mean monthly amount of rainfall varies between 10.2mm to 102.2 mm in February and April, respectively (Jigjiga meteorological station, 2014).

b) Study Population

The study populations were cattle that are brought to Jigjiga municipal abattoir for slaughter purposes irrespective of their age, sex, body weight, and origin. Accordingly, those animals were subjected as a study population for an active abattoir survey. For the questionnaire survey, respondents were selected based on a systemic random sampling of individuals from Jigjiga city. Accordingly, a certain number of volunteer individuals were interviewed.

c) Study Design

A cross-sectional study was designed to perform from November 2019 to April 2020 to determine the prevalence of bovine cysticercosis and human taeniasis in Jigjiga city.

d) Sample Size Determination

The sample size (n) was determined according to Thursfield (2007) by using the following formula

Where:

There was a previous study with an expected prevalence of 2.25% (Biruk, 2009) in the study area, after the substitution, 34 carcasses were calculated to be sampled. But to increase the precision of the study the sample size was increased to 340 carcasses.

For an outcome scored 0/1 for no/yes, the standard deviation of the outcome scores is given by SD = [p (1-p)/N] ${}^{1/2}$ where p is the proportion obtaining a score of 1, and N is the sample size. The standard error of estimate SE (the standard deviation of the range of possible p values based on the pilot sample estimate) is given by SE = SD/N ${}^{1/2}$. Thus, SE is at a maximum when p = 0.5. Thus the worst-case scenario occurs when 50% agree, 50% disagree. Therefore, the questionnaire survey sample size was calculated by using the formula:

Where: N= sample size, SE (standard error) =5%

The sample size required for the questionnaire survey as per the above formula is 100 individuals.

e) Study Methodology

For the questionnaire survey, 100 volunteers in Jigjiga city were selected randomly based on different ages, sex, and working condition. During the active abattoir survey, individual animals were selected using systematic random sampling. Before ante-mortem inspection was done, each animal ID was assigned for further follow-up during the post-mortem examination and they were recorded according to their age, sex, and body condition.

i. Ante-Mortem Examination

The ante-mortem examination was conducted on individual animals' levels, while the animals were in the lairage. Both sides of the animals were inspected at rest and in motion. Moreover, the general behavior of the animals, cleanness, and sign of diseases, and abnormality of any type were recorded according to the standard ante-mortem inspection procedures (FAO, 2006). Additionally, an ID number was given to each animal to identify for the study. Then, data on the origin, age, sex, and body condition score of the animals were recorded. The body condition of cattle was classified as poor (hidebound with obvious bony prominences and deep sunk tail base), medium (ribs and other bony prominences noticeable on visual inspection but have the fair fleshy background on palpation), or good (bony structures notable only on palpation). Animal age was also based on dentition (Alemu et al., 2013).

ii. Post-Mortem Examination

During post mortem inspection, palpation of the organs followed by incision of organs was made to examine for the presence of C. bovis, according to the guideline by the Ministry of Agriculture (1972), for masseter muscles, the deep linear incision was made according to the guideline by Ministry of Agriculture by making parallel to the mandible; the heart was incised from base to apex to open the pericardium and incision of the cardiac muscle for detail examination. Deep, adjacent, and parallel incisions were made above the pointed elbow in the shoulder muscle. Examination of the kidney, liver, and lung was also being conducted accordingly.

iii. Cyst evaluation and viability test

The cyst which was found at meat inspection was removed with the surrounding tissue and taken to the laboratory for viability test. The viability of the cyst was examined by placing them in a normal saline solution with 40% ox-bile and incubated at ${37}^{\circ }$ C for 1 to 2 h. A cyst was regarded as viable if the scolex evaginated during this period (Gracey et al., 2011). Cysts were carefully dissected and numbers and the nature of cysts in each organ were recorded for each animal. The nature of the cyst was recorded as calcified and viable by visual observation of its appearance, as (Ashwani and Gebrehiwot, 2011) dead degenerated or calcified cysticerci from identifiable spots of white and have fibrotic lesions, while the viable cysticerci are pinkish-red in color.

f) Data Management and Analysis

The data collected from ante-mortem, post-mortem, and laboratory findings were entered into an MS Excel spreadsheet and analyzed by using SPSS release 14.0 software (Stata Corp., College Station, Texas). Descriptive statistics were carried out to summarize the prevalence and relative percentage of the disease in each organ. Logistic regression was used to determine the level of significance among different risk factors contributing to the prevalence of bovine cysticercosis and human taeniasis. A level of significance of P ≤0.05 was used.

III. RESULTS

In the study period, a total of 340 cattle were inspected in Jigjiga city municipal abattoir from November 2019 to April 2020. From a total of examined cattle, 11(3.24%) were found to be infected by Cysticercus bovis as shown in Table 1. comparative higher prevalence was observed 8(3.4%) in females than 3(2.9%) in male. (p = 0.825, (95% CI=0.142-3.161). Regarding age group prevalence result showed that significantly higher prevalence (p<0.05) was detected in old animals 9(3.7%) than in adult2 (2.4%) (95% CI=0.303-4.481). The present study also revealed that the body condition of cattle's had a significant effect on the occurrence of Cysticercus infection (p<0.05) with the highest prevalence of 9(3.7%) in Poor followed by medium and good body condition score with a prevalence of 1(1.6%) and 1(1.1%). Concerning origin, the prevalence result showed that the comparative higher prevalence was observed in animals brought from outside the Fafan zone with7(2.7%) than in around

Jigjiga 3(10.0%) and Fafan zone 1(1.9%) as shown in Table 1.

Regarding the distribution of C.bovis in different organs assessed and the result revealed that shoulder muscle was the most frequently infected organ with a prevalence of 6(1.76%) followed by masseter muscles

5(1.47%), tongue 5(1.47%), heart 4(1.17%), (Table 2). Moreover, from the total of 21 cysts, 10(2.94%) were viable the remaining 11(3.23%) were calcified (Table 2).

The result of the Questionnaire Survey: Of the total 100 voluntary respondents interviewed, 13(13%) of them said they were infected with Taeniasis (T. saginata) at least once in their lifetime. There was no statistically significant association (p>0.05) was observed in the prevalence of Taeniasis between age, sex, Marital status, educational status, as shown in Table 3. Statistical analysis showed that human taeniasis prevalence is statistically significant (p<0.05) among the categories of the considered risk factors like raw meat consumption, Religion. In addition, among interviewed respondents 17 had the habit of raw consumption, and 83 had the habit of cooked meat consumption and there is a significant association be out of this 9 (52.94%) and

4 (4.82%) of them were infected respectively as indicated in (Table 3).

IV. Discussion

The prevalence of Cysticercus bovis in the current study was 3.24% at Jigjiga municipal abattoir. This finding is comparable with the findings of 3% (Bedu, 2011) in Zeway Municipal Abattoir, 3.6% (Nuraddis and Frew, 2012) in Addis Ababa abattoir, 3.65% (Taresa, et al., 2011) in Jimma municipal abattoir, 3.11% (Tembo, 2012) in different agro-climatic zones of Ethiopia. However, this prevalence was higher than several studies conducted in different parts of the country such as 1.2% (Bekele et al.2017) in Asella municipal abattoir, 2.5% (Dawit Tesfaye et al., 2012) in Wolaita Sodo municipal abattoir, 2.58% (Birhanu, et al., 2013) in Bahir Dar Municipal Abattoir, (Abate Worku, 2014) in west Shewa zone, 2.6% (Yacob et al., 2015) in Adama town, 0.2% (Blessing et al., 2011) in South Africa and 1.05% (Leonardo et al. 2012) in Brazil. Nevertheless lower than the finding of 4.9% (Dawit Saddo, 2004) in Gondar, 4.4% (Bekele et al., 2010) in Jimma municipal abattoir, 4.8% (Karshima et al., 2013) in Nigeria, 5.1% (Fetene and Nibret, 2014) in Jimma municipal abattoir, 5.2% (Belay, 2014) in Municipal Abbatoir of Shire, 5.4% (Alula, 2010) in Konbolcha, 5.6% (Lielt Emiru et al., 2015) in Bishoftu, 5.73% Hylegebriel (Tesfay and Alembrehan Assefa, 2014) in Adigrat, 6.4% (Tewodros Alemneh et al., 2010) in Kombolcha meat processing factory in the same study area, 12% (Abunna, 2013) in Yirgalem abattoir, 17.5% (Hailu, 2005) in East Shoa, 18.49% (Kebede, 2008) in North West Ethiopia, and 26.3% (Abunna et al., 2008) in Hawassa municipal abattoir. A possible reason for the difference in the prevalence of cysticerci might be due to factors like difference in culture, in environmental conditions, livestock stocking intensity, and livestock movement and social activities in different regions that may contribute to these variations in prevalence (Kebede et al., 2009). Moreover, another possible reason for the variation in prevalence rate might be due to the variation of personal and environmental hygiene from area to area (Ngwu et al., 2004).

The result in the prevalence of c. bovis between sexes revealed slightly higher in female (3.4%) than male (2.9%) but significant variation was not observed; this argument is supported by (Wanzala, 2003). who reported that the prevalence of c. bovis was slightly higher in female than male cattle. This could be due to the similarity in the socio-economic status and animal husbandry practices of the community in all areas from where animals were bought for slaughter. (Gemmell et al., 2001). In the present study, the age-wise analysis showed that there was a significant difference in prevalence among the age of animals and the highest infection rate was recorded in old the adult. This finding is similar to the report of (Nuradis and Few, 2012) and (Wondimagegnei and Belete, 2015). This might be due to their longer exposure to infection and to lower immunity to combat infection and these results are concurrent with that of other studies in Ethiopia. (Azlaf and Dakkak, 2006). The present study also showed that there was a strong association between the body condition of cattle and C. bovis infection. Significantly poor conditioned cattle were more infected by C. bovis than a medium and good one. This is in line with the study of Meseret (Kassaw et al., 2017), this might be due to moderate to severe infection, the parasite may cause retarded performance and growth, reduced quality of meat and milk as well as live weight loss. (Melaku et al. 2012). This indicates that body condition loss might be a consequence of infection (Battelli 1997).

During the study period, the most frequently affected organs with the highest prevalence of cysts of C. bovis were recorded in shoulder muscles (1.76%) followed by masseter muscles, tongue, heart, and liver. The variations in anatomical distribution depend on several factors, such as blood kinetics and animals" daily activities. Any geographical and environmental factors affecting blood kinetics in the animal affect the distribution of oncospheres as well and hence the predilection sites during meat inspection (Gracey et al., 2011). The finding of the current study is in agreement with the reports of (Bekele et al., 2017) (Opara et al., 2012), (Alemayehu et al., 2009) and (Hailu, 2010) who indicated that examination of the shoulder muscles is the most effective means of detection of bovine cysticercosis, while the heart and liver are described as the most frequently infected organ by (Tembo, 2012). Thus, there is no particular "predilection site" which could be acceptable for all cattle. The viability test showed that shoulder muscles had the highest relative frequency proportion of viable cysts 4(1.17%) followed by masseter muscles, tongue, heart, and liver. This observation goes parallel with the findings of (Opara et al., 2012) and (Bekele et al., 2017) who recovered a higher proportion of cysts from shoulder muscles that had the highest proportion of viable cyst. The explanation for this may lie in the fact that muscle activity receives more blood than a muscle at rest, and that the distribution of the cysts is controlled by the volume and intensity of the arterial blood (Gracey et al., 2011).

The prevalence of human taeniasis was recorded based on the questionnaire and indicated an overall of 13% which demonstrates the importance of taeniasis in the study area.

The result of this study was lower when compared to (Mesfin and Nuraddis, 2012) 44% in Hawassa town and (Dawit and Temesgen, 2013) 44.44% in Shire Indasilassie district, (Lielt et al., 2015) 64% in Bishoftu, (Dawit, 2012) 62.5% in Wolaittasoddo, (Fetene and Nibret, 2014) 58%, (Abunna, 2013) 70% in

Yirgalem, (Bedu et al., 2011) 56.7% at Zeway, (Abunna et al., 2008) 64.2% in Awassa town and (Megersa et al., 2015) 56.7% in Jimma town. The reason for reporting the lower prevalence of human taeniasis in the current study area could be due to the difference in the religious composition of the respondents, and the sample size is taken. Out of the total respondents of the current study, 54% were Muslims that have no traditional habit of consuming raw meat and from the total respondents, only 17% were raw meat consumers. The reason is well known that in the consumption of raw meat the degree of ingesting C. bovis with meat is higher (Gajadhar et al., 2012; Garcia et al., 2011). Therefore, as raw meat consumption is low in the area the infection also is low. The other is sample size difference and as sample size increases the precision will also increase. In the present study, the sample size is very low (100) while in the above finding is very high, more than 220. The other point is that some respondents shy to openly tell about taeniasis and this could also end up with the low recovery of positive people in the study area.

Taeniasis prevalence was higher among the Christian community than Muslims in the study area.

Similar to the reports of (Tembo, 2012; Hailu, 2005; Deressa et al., 2012) taeniasis prevalence was higher among the Christian community than Muslims. Because raw meat consumption is not common in Muslims as in Christians and Christians also celebrate several annual festivals with the tradition of raw meat consumption (Teka, 1997). T. saginata infection is highly prevalent in the literate than illiterate respondents and this might be because literate peoples have more chance to occupational status than illiterate which allows them to have the finance to eat raw beef in the butcher's house than illiterate peoples.

This presentation revealed that males were highly affected than females. This observation is similar to the finding of (Abunna et al., 2007) who reported a higher prevalence of taeniasis among males than females in Awassa town. The difference in the rate of infection between males and females in the study area could be due lead to human feces (Nigatu, 2004). To the fact that males enjoy eating raw beef with local drink "Tella". The second reason might be males provide and control the finance hence; they can eat raw beef in the butcher house.

T. saginata was observed among old aged people (> 25 years) as compared to young age people (< 25 years). This agrees with (Alemayehu et al., 2009) and (Dejene Bekele et al., 2017). The observation that the older people greater chance of eating raw beef and hence contracting taeniasis. Therefore, the two age groups might be because older people have the finance to eat raw beef in the butcher's house Taenia saginata was observed among old aged people as compared to young age people. This agrees with (Tembo, 2001), (Alemayehu, et al., 2009), and (Shimeles, 2004) observation that older people were greater the chance of eating raw beef and hence contracting taeniasis. Depending on the marital status, married peoples were more infected than unmarried ones. This might be because married peoples have the finance to eat raw beef in the butcher's house than unmarried peoples.

The questionnaire survey result showed that the prevalence of taeniasis in the human population is decreasing and it also indicated that there was a strong relationship between the occurrence of T.saginata infection and age, sex, the habit of raw meat consumption, Marital status, and educational status of the respondents. Therefore, continues public education should be provided to avoid consumption of raw meat and encourage the use of latrines and improved standards of human hygiene and backyard slaughtering of cattle should be restricted and slaughterhouse which fulfills the necessary facilities and with qualified meat inspector should be constructed.

V. CONCLUSIONS

The abattoir survey evidence of the present investigation showed that C.bovis is prevalent in cattle slaughtered at Jigjiga municipal abattoir the prevalence of C.bovis was affected by different risk factors such as age and body condition score but not affected by the sex and origin of animals. The most frequently affected organ with the highest number of cysts was the shoulder muscles followed by masseter muscles, tongue, heart, and liver, regarding the questionnaire survey T. seginata was an important parasitic cattle disease and in terms of its public health implication in the study area. The viability test showed that shoulder muscles had the highest relative frequency proportion of viable cystsshoulder muscle followed by masseter muscles, tongue, heart, and liver. The questionnaire survey finding indicated that the infection rate of taeniasis was higher in the study area and deserves due attention on control and prevention of the disease. Finally, the finding of the present study reflects the zoonotic and economic impact of the disease which needs serious attention by the various stakeholders to safeguard public health.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS