Unusual Features of the SARS-CoV-2 Genome Suggesting Sophisticated Laboratory Modification as a Biological Robot Rather than Natural Evolution and Delineation of its Probable Synthetic Route

Li-Meng Yan; Adrian David Cheok

Unusual Features of the SARS-CoV-2 Genome Suggesting Sophisticated Laboratory Modification as a Biological Robot Rather than Natural Evolution and Delineation of its Probable Synthetic Route

Li-Meng Yan * §

Contact

University Tokyo

Unusual Features of the SARS-CoV-2 Genome Suggesting Sophisticated Laboratory Modification as a Biological Robot Rather than Natural Evolution and Delineation of its Probable Synthetic Route

Article Fingerprint

ReserarchID

CST3C1E8

AI TAKEAWAY

Connecting with the Eternal Ground

References

109 Cites in Article

Reference Format

Shing Zhan,Benjamin Deverman,Yujia Chan (2020). SARS-CoV-2 is well adapted for humans. What does this mean for re-emergence?.
Huihui Mou,Brian Quinlan,Haiyong Peng,Yan Guo,Shoujiao Peng,Lizhou Zhang,Meredith Davis-Gardner,Matthew Gardner,Gogce Crynen,Zhi Voo,Charles Bailey,Michael Alpert,Christoph Rader,Hyeryun Choe,Michael Farzan (2020). Mutations from bat ACE2 orthologs markedly enhance ACE2-Fc neutralization of SARS-CoV-2.
Sakshi Piplani,Puneet Singh,David Winkler,Nikolai Petrovsky (2020). In silico comparison of SARS-CoV-2 spike protein-ACE2 binding affinities across species and implications for virus origin.
Kristian Andersen,Andrew Rambaut,W Lipkin,Edward Holmes,Robert Garry (2020). The proximal origin of SARS-CoV-2.
Amit Maiti (2020). On The Origin of SARS-COV2 Virus.
X Lin,S Chen (2020). Major Concerns on the Identification of Bat Coronavirus Strain RaTG13 and Quality of Related Nature Paper.
Dean Bengston (2020). All journal articles evaluating the origin or epidemiology of SARS-CoV-2 that utilize the RaTG13 bat strain genomics are potentially flawed and should be retracted..
R Segreto,Y Deigin (2020). Is considering a geneticmanipulation origin for SARS-CoV-2 a conspiracy theory that must be censored?.
Monali Rahalkar,Rahul Bahulikar (2020). Understanding the Origin of ‘BatCoVRaTG13’, a Virus Closest to SARS-CoV-2.
C Robinson (2020). Was the COVID-19 virus genetically engineered?.
C Robinson (2020). Enlightened Oversight of Genetically Engineered Crops.
Birger Sørensen,Andres Susrud,Angus Dalgleish (2020). Biovacc-19: A Candidate Vaccine for Covid-19 (SARS-CoV-2) Developed from Analysis of its General Method of Action for Infectivity.
B Zhang (2020). Unknown Title.
Karl Sirotkin,Dan Sirotkin (2020). Might SARS‐CoV‐2 Have Arisen via Serial Passage through an Animal Host or Cell Culture?.
Murat Seyran,Damiano Pizzol,Parise Adadi,Tarek El‐aziz,Sk. Hassan,Antonio Soares,Ramesh Kandimalla,Kenneth Lundstrom,Murtaza Tambuwala,Alaa Aljabali,Amos Lal,Gajendra Azad,Pabitra Choudhury,Vladimir Uversky,Samendra Sherchan,Bruce Uhal,Nima Rezaei,Adam Brufsky (2020). Questions concerning the proximal origin of SARS‐CoV‐2.
Ian Lipkin (2020). Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus Recombination and the Evolution of Science and Public Health in China.
E Holmes,C Academic (2020). Shorter Notices.
P Zhou (2020). A pneumonia outbreak associated with a new coronavirus of probable bat origin.
Monali Rahalkar,Rahul Bahulikar (2020). The Abnormal Nature of the Fecal Swab Sample used for NGS Analysis of RaTG13 Genome Sequence Imposes a Question on the Correctness of the RaTG13 Sequence.
Mohit Singla,Saad Ahmad,Chandan Gupta,Tavpritesh Sethi (2020). De-novo Assembly of RaTG13 Genome Reveals Inconsistencies Further Obscuring SARS-CoV-2 Origins.
D Zhang (2020). Anomalies in BatCoV/RaTG13 sequencing and provenance.
C Robinson (2020). Journals censor lab origin theory for SARS-CoV-2.
Dao Tung (2020). Chapter 3_Các phương pháp nghiên cứu - Scientific reasoning, the logic behind scientific research.
Yiwen Zhang,Junsong Zhang,Yingshi Chen,Baohong Luo,Yaochang Yuan,Feng Huang,Tao Yang,Fei Yu,Jun Liu,Bingfen Liu,Zheng Song,Jingliang Chen,Ting Pan,Xu Zhang,Yuzhuang Li,Rong Li,Wenjing Huang,Fei Xiao,Hui Zhang (2020). The ORF8 Protein of SARS-CoV-2 Mediates Immune Evasion through Potently Downregulating MHC-I.
Doreen Muth,Victor Corman,Hanna Roth,Tabea Binger,Ronald Dijkman,Lina Gottula,Florian Gloza-Rausch,Andrea Balboni,Mara Battilani,Danijela Rihtarič,Ivan Toplak,Ramón Ameneiros,Alexander Pfeifer,Volker Thiel,Jan Drexler,Marcel Müller,Christian Drosten (2018). Attenuation of replication by a 29 nucleotide deletion in SARS-coronavirus acquired during the early stages of human-to-human transmission.
Dewald Schoeman,Burtram Fielding (2019). Coronavirus envelope protein: current knowledge.
T Lam (2020). Identifying SARS-CoV-2-related coronaviruses in Malayan pangolins.
Ping Liu,Jing-Zhe Jiang,Xiu-Feng Wan,Yan Hua,Linmiao Li,Jiabin Zhou,Xiaohu Wang,Fanghui Hou,Jing Chen,Jiejian Zou,Jinping Chen (2020). Are pangolins the intermediate host of the 2019 novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2)?.
Kangpeng Xiao,Junqiong Zhai,Yaoyu Feng,Niu Zhou,Xu Zhang,Jie-Jian Zou,Na Li,Yaqiong Guo,Xiaobing Li,Xuejuan Shen,Zhipeng Zhang,Fanfan Shu,Wanyi Huang,Yu Li,Ziding Zhang,Rui-Ai Chen,Ya-Jiang Wu,Shi-Ming Peng,Mian Huang,Wei-Jun Xie,Qin-Hui Cai,Fang-Hui Hou,Wu Chen,Lihua Xiao,Yongyi Shen (2020). Isolation of SARS-CoV-2-related coronavirus from Malayan pangolins.
Hong Zhou,Xing Chen,Tao Hu,Juan Li,Hao Song,Yanran Liu,Peihan Wang,Di Liu,Jing Yang,Edward Holmes,Alice Hughes,Yuhai Bi,Weifeng Shi (2020). A Novel Bat Coronavirus Closely Related to SARS-CoV-2 Contains Natural Insertions at the S1/S2 Cleavage Site of the Spike Protein.
Tao Zhang,Qunfu Wu,Zhigang Zhang (2020). Probable Pangolin Origin of SARS-CoV-2 Associated with the COVID-19 Outbreak.
Xing-Lou Yang,Ben Hu,Bo Wang,Mei-Niang Wang,Qian Zhang,Wei Zhang,Li-Jun Wu,Xing-Yi Ge,Yun-Zhi Zhang,Peter Daszak,Lin-Fa Wang,Zheng-Li Shi (2015). Isolation and Characterization of a Novel Bat Coronavirus Closely Related to the Direct Progenitor of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus.
Dan Hu,Changqiang Zhu,Lele Ai,Ting He,Yi Wang,Fuqiang Ye,Lu Yang,Chenxi Ding,Xuhui Zhu,Ruicheng Lv,Jin Zhu,Bachar Hassan,Youjun Feng,Weilong Tan,Changjun Wang (2018). Genomic characterization and infectivity of a novel SARS-like coronavirus in Chinese bats.
Y Wang (2017). Preliminary investigation of viruses carried by bats on the southeast coastal area (东南沿海地区蝙蝠携带病毒的初步调查研究.
Fan Wu,Su Zhao,Bin Yu,Yan-Mei Chen,Wen Wang,Zhi-Gang Song,Yi Hu,Zhao-Wu Tao,Jun-Hua Tian,Yuan-Yuan Pei,Ming-Li Yuan,Yu-Ling Zhang,Fa-Hui Dai,Yi Liu,Qi-Min Wang,Jiao-Jiao Zheng,Lin Xu,Edward Holmes,Yong-Zhen Zhang (2020). A new coronavirus associated with human respiratory disease in China.
Nidhi Subbaraman (2020). ‘Heinous!’: Coronavirus researcher shut down for Wuhan-lab link slams new funding restrictions.
Wenfei Song,Miao Gui,Xinquan Wang,Ye Xiang (2018). Cryo-EM structure of the SARS coronavirus spike glycoprotein in complex with its host cell receptor ACE2.
F Li,W Li,M Farzan,S Harrison (2005). Structure of SARS coronavirus spike receptor-binding domain complexed with receptor.
Jian Shang,Gang Ye,Ke Shi,Yushun Wan,Chuming Luo,Hideki Aihara,Qibin Geng,Ashley Auerbach,Fang Li (2020). Structural basis of receptor recognition by SARS-CoV-2.
Alexandre Hassanin (2020). The SARS-CoV-2-like virus found in captive pangolins from Guangdong should be better sequenced.
D Zhang (2020). The Pan-SL-CoV/GD sequences may be from contamination.
Yujia Chan,Shing Zhan (2020). Single source of pangolin CoVs with a near identical Spike RBD to SARS-CoV-2.
Jimmy Lee,Tom Hughes,Mei-Ho Lee,Hume Field,Jeffrine Rovie-Ryan,Frankie Sitam,Symphorosa Sipangkui,Senthilvel Nathan,Diana Ramirez,Subbiah Kumar,Helen Lasimbang,Jonathan Epstein,Peter Daszak (2020). No evidence of coronaviruses or other potentially zoonotic viruses in Sunda pangolins ( <i>Manis javanica</i> ) entering the wildlife trade via Malaysia.
Michelle Becker,Rachel Graham,Eric Donaldson,Barry Rockx,Amy Sims,Timothy Sheahan,Raymond Pickles,Davide Corti,Robert Johnston,Ralph Baric,Mark Denison (2008). Synthetic recombinant bat SARS-like coronavirus is infectious in cultured cells and in mice.
Vineet Menachery,Boyd Yount,Kari Debbink,Sudhakar Agnihothram,Lisa Gralinski,Jessica Plante,Rachel Graham,Trevor Scobey,Xing-Yi Ge,Eric Donaldson,Scott Randell,Antonio Lanzavecchia,Wayne Marasco,Zhengli-Li Shi,Ralph Baric (2015). A SARS-like cluster of circulating bat coronaviruses shows potential for human emergence.
V Menachery (2016). SARS-like WIV1-CoV poised for human emergence.
Wuze Ren,Xiuxia Qu,Wendong Li,Zhenggang Han,Meng Yu,Peng Zhou,Shu-Yi Zhang,Lin-Fa Wang,Hongkui Deng,Zhengli Shi (2008). Difference in Receptor Usage between Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) Coronavirus and SARS-Like Coronavirus of Bat Origin.
Xiaojun Li,Elena Giorgi,Manukumar Marichann,Brian Foley,Chuan Xiao,Xiang-Peng Kong,Yue Chen,Bette Korber,Feng Gao (2020). Emergence of SARS-CoV-2 through Recombination and Strong Purifying Selection.
Yuxuan Hou,Cheng Peng,Meng Yu,Yan Li,Zhenggang Han,Fang Li,Lin-Fa Wang,Zhengli Shi (2010). Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) proteins of different bat species confer variable susceptibility to SARS-CoV entry.
Yang Yang,Chang Liu,Lanying Du,Shibo Jiang,Zhengli Shi,Ralph Baric,Fang Li (2015). Two Mutations Were Critical for Bat-to-Human Transmission of Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus.
Chu-Ming Luo,Ning Wang,Xing-Lou Yang,Hai-Zhou Liu,Wei Zhang,Bei Li,Ben Hu,Cheng Peng,Qi-Bin Geng,Guang-Jian Zhu,Fang Li,Zheng-Li Shi (2018). Discovery of Novel Bat Coronaviruses in South China That Use the Same Receptor as Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus.
J Cui,F Li,Z Shi (2019). Origin and evolution of pathogenic coronaviruses.
Y Wan (2020). Molecular Mechanism for Antibody-Dependent Enhancement of Coronavirus Entry.
F Li (2015). Receptor recognition mechanisms of coronaviruses: a decade of structural studies.
Fang Li (2016). Structure, Function, and Evolution of Coronavirus Spike Proteins.
Jian Shang,Yushun Wan,Chuming Luo,Gang Ye,Qibin Geng,Ashley Auerbach,Fang Li (2020). Cell entry mechanisms of SARS-CoV-2.
Markus Hoffmann,Hannah Kleine-Weber,Stefan Pöhlmann (2020). A Multibasic Cleavage Site in the Spike Protein of SARS-CoV-2 Is Essential for Infection of Human Lung Cells.
B Coutard,C Valle,X De Lamballerie,B Canard,N Seidah,E Decroly (2020). The spike glycoprotein of the new coronavirus 2019-nCoV contains a furin-like cleavage site absent in CoV of the same clade.
Eric Claas,Albert Osterhaus,Ruud Van Beek,Jan De Jong,Guus Rimmelzwaan,Dennis Senne,Scott Krauss,Kennedy Shortridge,Robert Webster (1998). Human influenza A H5N1 virus related to a highly pathogenic avian influenza virus.
Rie Watanabe,Shutoku Matsuyama,Kazuya Shirato,Masami Maejima,Shuetsu Fukushi,Shigeru Morikawa,Fumihiro Taguchi (2008). Entry from the Cell Surface of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus with Cleaved S Protein as Revealed by Pseudotype Virus Bearing Cleaved S Protein.
Sandrine Belouzard,Victor Chu,Gary Whittaker (2009). Activation of the SARS coronavirus spike protein via sequential proteolytic cleavage at two distinct sites.
Hiroshi Kido,Yuushi Okumura,Etsuhisa Takahashi,Hai-Yan Pan,Siye Wang,Dengbing Yao,Min Yao,Junji Chida,Mihiro Yano (2012). Role of host cellular proteases in the pathogenesis of influenza and influenza-induced multiple organ failure.
Xiangjie Sun,Longping Tse,A Ferguson,Gary Whittaker (2010). Modifications to the Hemagglutinin Cleavage Site Control the Virulence of a Neurotropic H1N1 Influenza Virus.
Jinlong Cheng,Ye Zhao,Gang Xu,Keran Zhang,Wenfeng Jia,Yali Sun,Jing Zhao,Jia Xue,Yanxin Hu,Guozhong Zhang (2019). The S2 Subunit of QX-type Infectious Bronchitis Coronavirus Spike Protein Is an Essential Determinant of Neurotropism.
Toshihiro Ito,Hideo Goto,Eiji Yamamoto,Hiroko Tanaka,Mutsuko Takeuchi,Masaru Kuwayama,Yoshihiro Kawaoka,Koichi Otsuki (2001). Generation of a Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza A Virus from an Avirulent Field Isolate by Passaging in Chickens.
Canrong Wu,Mengzhu Zheng,Yueying Yang,Xiaoxia Gu,Kaiyin Yang,Mingxue Li,Yang Liu,Qingzhe Zhang,Peng Zhang,Yali Wang,Qiqi Wang,Yang Xu,Yirong Zhou,Yonghui Zhang,Lixia Chen,Hua Li (2020). Furin: A Potential Therapeutic Target for COVID-19.
L Zeng (2016). Bat Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome-Like Coronavirus WIV1 Encodes an Extra Accessory Protein, ORFX, Involved in Modulation of the Host Immune Response.
Siu-Ying Lau,Pui Wang,Bobo Wing-Yee Mok,Anna Zhang,Hin Chu,Andrew Chak-Yiu Lee,Shaofeng Deng,Pin Chen,Kwok-Hung Chan,Wenjun Song,Zhiwei Chen,Kelvin Kai-Wang To,Jasper Fuk-Woo Chan,Kwok-Yung Yuen,Honglin Chen (2020). Attenuated SARS-CoV-2 variants with deletions at the S1/S2 junction.
Z Liu (2020). Identification of common deletions in the spike protein of SARS-CoV-2.
Xing-Yi Ge,Wei-Hong Yang,Ji-Hua Zhou,Bei Li,Wei Zhang,Zheng-Li Shi,Yun-Zhi Zhang (2017). Detection of alpha- and betacoronaviruses in rodents from Yunnan, China.
Y Guan,B Zheng,Y He,X Liu,Z Zhuang,C Cheung,S Luo,P Li,L Zhang,Y Guan,K Butt,K Wong,K Chan,W Lim,K Shortridge,K Yuen,J Peiris,L Poon (2003). Isolation and Characterization of Viruses Related to the SARS Coronavirus from Animals in Southern China.
Xing-Yi Ge,Jia-Lu Li,Xing-Lou Yang,Aleksei Chmura,Guangjian Zhu,Jonathan Epstein,Jonna Mazet,Ben Hu,Wei Zhang,Cheng Peng,Yu-Ji Zhang,Chu-Ming Luo,Bing Tan,Ning Wang,Yan Zhu,Gary Crameri,Shu-Yi Zhang,Lin-Fa Wang,Peter Daszak,Zheng-Li Shi (2013). Isolation and characterization of a bat SARS-like coronavirus that uses the ACE2 receptor.
Susanna Lau,Patrick Woo,Kenneth Li,Yi Huang,Hoi-Wah Tsoi,Beatrice Wong,Samson Wong,Suet-Yi Leung,Kwok-Hung Chan,Kwok-Yung Yuen (2005). Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-like virus in Chinese horseshoe bats.
Yiu Kam,François Kien,Anjeanette Roberts,Yan Cheung,Elaine Lamirande,Leatrice Vogel,Shui Chu,Jane Tse,Jeannette Guarner,Sherif Zaki,Kanta Subbarao,Malik Peiris,Béatrice Nal,Ralf Altmeyer (2007). Antibodies against trimeric S glycoprotein protect hamsters against SARS-CoV challenge despite their capacity to mediate FcγRII-dependent entry into B cells in vitro.
Jasper Chan,Susanna Lau,Kelvin To,Vincent Cheng,Patrick Woo,Kwok-Yung Yuen (2015). Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus: Another Zoonotic Betacoronavirus Causing SARS-Like Disease.
Jie Zhou,Hin Chu,Jasper Fuk-Woo Chan,Kwok-Yung Yuen (2015). Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus infection: virus-host cell interactions and implications on pathogenesis.
Man-Lung Yeung,Yanfeng Yao,Lilong Jia,Jasper Chan,Kwok-Hung Chan,Kwok-Fan Cheung,Honglin Chen,Vincent Poon,Alan Tsang,Kelvin To,Ming-Kwong Yiu,Jade Teng,Hin Chu,Jie Zhou,Qing Zhang,Wei Deng,Susanna Lau,Johnson Lau,Patrick Woo,Tak-Mao Chan,Susan Yung,Bo-Jian Zheng,Dong-Yan Jin,Peter Mathieson,Chuan Qin,Kwok-Yung Yuen (2016). MERS coronavirus induces apoptosis in kidney and lung by upregulating Smad7 and FGF2.
Daniel Chu,Kenrie Hui,Ranawaka Perera,Eve Miguel,Daniela Niemeyer,Jincun Zhao,Rudragouda Channappanavar,Gytis Dudas,Jamiu Oladipo,Amadou Traoré,Ouafaa Fassi-Fihri,Abraham Ali,Getnet Demissié,Doreen Muth,Michael Chan,John Nicholls,David Meyerholz,Sulyman Kuranga,Gezahegne Mamo,Ziqi Zhou,Ray So,Maged Hemida,Richard Webby,Francois Roger,Andrew Rambaut,Leo Poon,Stanley Perlman,Christian Drosten,Veronique Chevalier,Malik Peiris (2018). MERS coronaviruses from camels in Africa exhibit region-dependent genetic diversity.
Sheila Ommeh,Wei Zhang,Ali Zohaib,Jing Chen,Huajun Zhang,Ben Hu,Xing-Yi Ge,Xing-Lou Yang,Moses Masika,Vincent Obanda,Yun Luo,Shan Li,Cecilia Waruhiu,Bei Li,Yan Zhu,Desterio Ouma,Vincent Odendo,Lin-Fa Wang,Danielle Anderson,Jacqueline Lichoti,Erick Mungube,Francis Gakuya,Peng Zhou,Kisa-Juma Ngeiywa,Bing Yan,Bernard Agwanda,Zheng-Li Shi (2018). Genetic Evidence of Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (MERS-Cov) and Widespread Seroprevalence among Camels in Kenya.
S Sia (2020). Pathogenesis and transmission of SARS-CoV-2 in golden hamsters.
Wuze Ren,Wendong Li,Meng Yu,Pei Hao,Yuan Zhang,Peng Zhou,Shuyi Zhang,Guoping Zhao,Yang Zhong,Shengyue Wang,Lin-Fa Wang,Zhengli Shi (2006). Full-length genome sequences of two SARS-like coronaviruses in horseshoe bats and genetic variation analysis.
J Yuan,C-C Hon,Y Li,D Wang,G Xu,H Zhang,P Zhou,L Poon,Null- Lam,Null- Leung,Z Shi (2010). Intraspecies diversity of SARS-like coronaviruses in Rhinolophus sinicus and its implications for the origin of SARS coronaviruses in humans.
Xing-Yi Ge,Ning Wang,Wei Zhang,Ben Hu,Bei Li,Yun-Zhi Zhang,Ji-Hua Zhou,Chu-Ming Luo,Xing-Lou Yang,Li-Jun Wu,Bo Wang,Yun Zhang,Zong-Xiao Li,Zheng-Li Shi (2016). Coexistence of multiple coronaviruses in several bat colonies in an abandoned mineshaft.
Ben Hu,Lei-Ping Zeng,Xing-Lou Yang,Xing-Yi Ge,Wei Zhang,Bei Li,Jia-Zheng Xie,Xu-Rui Shen,Yun-Zhi Zhang,Ning Wang,Dong-Sheng Luo,Xiao-Shuang Zheng,Mei-Niang Wang,Peter Daszak,Lin-Fa Wang,Jie Cui,Zheng-Li Shi (2017). Discovery of a rich gene pool of bat SARS-related coronaviruses provides new insights into the origin of SARS coronavirus.
Yun Luo,Bei Li,Ren-Di Jiang,Bing-Jie Hu,Dong-Sheng Luo,Guang-Jian Zhu,Ben Hu,Hai-Zhou Liu,Yun-Zhi Zhang,Xing-Lou Yang,Zheng-Li Shi (2018). Longitudinal Surveillance of Betacoronaviruses in Fruit Bats in Yunnan Province, China During 2009–2016.
Lili Kuo,Gert-Jan Godeke,Martin Raamsman,Paul Masters,Peter Rottier (2000). Retargeting of Coronavirus by Substitution of the Spike Glycoprotein Ectodomain: Crossing the Host Cell Species Barrier.
Jan Drexler,Florian Gloza-Rausch,Jörg Glende,Victor Corman,Doreen Muth,Matthias Goettsche,Antje Seebens,Matthias Niedrig,Susanne Pfefferle,Stoian Yordanov,Lyubomir Zhelyazkov,Uwe Hermanns,Peter Vallo,Alexander Lukashev,Marcel Müller,Hongkui Deng,Georg Herrler,Christian Drosten (2010). Genomic Characterization of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome-Related Coronavirus in European Bats and Classification of Coronaviruses Based on Partial RNA-Dependent RNA Polymerase Gene Sequences.
Sudhakar Agnihothram,Boyd Yount,Eric Donaldson,Jeremy Huynh,Vineet Menachery,Lisa Gralinski,Rachel Graham,Michelle Becker,Sakshi Tomar,Trevor Scobey,Heather Osswald,Alan Whitmore,Robin Gopal,Arun Ghosh,Andrew Mesecar,Maria Zambon,Mark Heise,Mark Denison,Ralph Baric (2014). A Mouse Model for <i>Betacoronavirus</i> Subgroup 2c Using a Bat Coronavirus Strain HKU5 Variant.
Bryan Johnson,Rachel Graham,Vineet Menachery (2018). Viral metagenomics, protein structure, and reverse genetics: Key strategies for investigating coronaviruses.
Kailang Wu,Guiqing Peng,Matthew Wilken,Robert Geraghty,Fang Li (2012). Mechanisms of Host Receptor Adaptation by Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus.
Kathryn Follis,Joanne York,Jack Nunberg (2006). Furin cleavage of the SARS coronavirus spike glycoprotein enhances cell–cell fusion but does not affect virion entry.
B Yount,M Denison,S Weiss,R Baric (2002). Systematic assembly of a full-length infectious cDNA of mouse hepatitis virus strain A59.
Boyd Yount,Kristopher Curtis,Elizabeth Fritz,Lisa Hensley,Peter Jahrling,Erik Prentice,Mark Denison,Thomas Geisbert,Ralph Baric (2003). Reverse genetics with a full-length infectious cDNA of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus.
Fernando Almazán,Marta Dediego,Carmen Galán,David Escors,Enrique Álvarez,Javier Ortego,Isabel Sola,Sonia Zuñiga,Sara Alonso,Jose Moreno,Aitor Nogales,Carmen Capiscol,Luis Enjuanes (2006). Construction of a Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus Infectious cDNA Clone and a Replicon To Study Coronavirus RNA Synthesis.
T Scobey (2013). Reverse genetics with a full-length infectious cDNA of the Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus.
Fernando Almazán,Silvia Márquez-Jurado,Aitor Nogales,Luis Enjuanes (2015). Engineering Infectious cDNAs of Coronavirus as Bacterial Artificial Chromosomes.
T Thao (2020). Rapid reconstruction of SARS-CoV-2 using a synthetic genomics platform.
Lauren Oldfield,Peter Grzesik,Alexander Voorhies,Nina Alperovich,Derek Macmath,Claudia Najera,Diya Chandra,Sanjana Prasad,Vladimir Noskov,Michael Montague,Robert Friedman,Prashant Desai,Sanjay Vashee (2017). Genome-wide engineering of an infectious clone of herpes simplex virus type 1 using synthetic genomics assembly methods.
Sanjay Vashee,Timothy Stockwell,Nina Alperovich,Evgeniya Denisova,Daniel Gibson,Kyle Cady,Kristofer Miller,Krishna Kannan,Daniel Malouli,Lindsey Crawford,Alexander Voorhies,Eric Bruening,Patrizia Caposio,Klaus Früh (2017). Cloning, Assembly, and Modification of the Primary Human Cytomegalovirus Isolate Toledo by Yeast-Based Transformation-Associated Recombination.
Anjeanette Roberts,Damon Deming,Christopher Paddock,Aaron Cheng,Boyd Yount,Leatrice Vogel,Brian Herman,Tim Sheahan,Mark Heise,Gillian Genrich,Sherif Zaki,Ralph Baric,Kanta Subbarao (2007). A Mouse-Adapted SARS-Coronavirus Causes Disease and Mortality in BALB/c Mice.
Anjeanette Roberts,Elaine Lamirande,Leatrice Vogel,Jadon Jackson,Christopher Paddock,Jeannette Guarner,Sherif Zaki,Timothy Sheahan,Ralph Baric,Kanta Subbarao (2008). Animal models and vaccines for SARS-CoV infection.
Kazuo Takayama (2020). In Vitro and Animal Models for SARS-CoV-2 research.
Q Wang (2020). hACE2 Transgenic Mouse Model For Coronavirus (COVID-19) Research. The Jackson Laboratory Research Highlight.
Lizhou Zhang,Cody Jackson,Huihui Mou,Amrita Ojha,Erumbi Rangarajan,Tina Izard,Michael Farzan,Hyeryun Choe (2020). The D614G mutation in the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein reduces S1 shedding and increases infectivity.
Leonid Yurkovetskiy,Xue Wang,Kristen Pascal,Christopher Tomkins-Tinch,Thomas Nyalile,Yetao Wang,Alina Baum,William Diehl,Ann Dauphin,Claudia Carbone,Kristen Veinotte,Shawn Egri,Stephen Schaffner,Jacob Lemieux,James Munro,Ashique Rafique,Abhi Barve,Pardis Sabeti,Christos Kyratsous,Natalya Dudkina,Kuang Shen,Jeremy Luban (2020). Structural and Functional Analysis of the D614G SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein Variant.
Bette Korber,Will Fischer,Sandrasegaram Gnanakaran,Hyejin Yoon,James Theiler,Werner Abfalterer,Nick Hengartner,Elena Giorgi,Tanmoy Bhattacharya,Brian Foley,Kathryn Hastie,Matthew Parker,David Partridge,Cariad Evans,Timothy Freeman,Thushan De Silva,Adrienne Angyal,Rebecca Brown,Laura Carrilero,Luke Green,Danielle Groves,Katie Johnson,Alexander Keeley,Benjamin Lindsey,Paul Parsons,Mohammad Raza,Sarah Rowland-Jones,Nikki Smith,Rachel Tucker,Dennis Wang,Matthew Wyles,Charlene Mcdanal,Lautaro Perez,Haili Tang,Alex Moon-Walker,Sean Whelan,Celia Labranche,Erica Saphire,David Montefiori (2020). Tracking Changes in SARS-CoV-2 Spike: Evidence that D614G Increases Infectivity of the COVID-19 Virus.
Jessica Plante,Yang Liu,Jianying Liu,Hongjie Xia,Bryan Johnson,Kumari Lokugamage,Xianwen Zhang,Antonio Muruato,Jing Zou,Camila Fontes-Garfias,Divya Mirchandani,Dionna Scharton,John Bilello,Zhiqiang Ku,Zhiqiang An,Birte Kalveram,Alexander Freiberg,Vineet Menachery,Xuping Xie,Kenneth Plante,Scott Weaver,Pei-Yong Shi (2020). Spike mutation D614G alters SARS-CoV-2 fitness and neutralization susceptibility.
Leo Poon,Cynthia Leung,Kwok Chan,Kwok Yuen,Yi Guan,Joseph Peiris (2005). Recurrent mutations associated with isolation and passage of SARS coronavirus in cells from non‐human primates.
K Pervushin (2009). Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus envelope protein ion channel activity promotes virus fitness and pathogenesis.

Download References

Funding

No external funding was declared for this work.

Conflict of Interest

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Ethical Approval

No ethics committee approval was required for this article type.

Data Availability

Not applicable for this article.

How to Cite This Article

Adrian David Cheok. 2021. "Unusual Features of the SARS-CoV-2 Genome Suggesting Sophisticated Laboratory Modification as a Biological Robot Rather than Natural Evolution and Delineation of its Probable Synthetic Route". Global Journal of Computer Science and Technology - G: Interdisciplinary GJCST-G Volume 21 (GJCST Volume 21 Issue G2).

More Citation Formats

Select Citation Style:

Download Citation

GJCST Volume 21 Issue G2

Explore Journals Explore Volume Read This Issue

Journal Specifications

Crossref Journal DOI 10.17406/gjcst

Print ISSN 0975-4350

e-ISSN 0975-4172

Keywords

Not Found

Classification

GJCST-G Classification J.3

Submission ReceivedSeptember 9, 2021
Peer Review Double Blind
Handling Editor
Accepted October 1, 2021
Published October 15, 2021

Version of record

v1.2

Issue date

August 20, 2021

Language

English

Experiance in AR

Explore published articles in an immersive Augmented Reality environment. Our platform converts research papers into interactive 3D books, allowing readers to view and interact with content using AR and VR compatible devices.

View in VR

Read in 3D

Your published article is automatically converted into a realistic 3D book. Flip through pages and read research papers in a more engaging and interactive format.

View in 3D

Article Matrices

Total Views: 981

Total Downloads: 41

All Trends