Research
An Anatomical Study on Variations in Relation to Musculaocutaneous and Median Nerve of Upper Limb
Background: Variations in the formation of brachial plexus and in the course of its branches are not as uncommon as was once thought. Anatomical knowledge of the variations about formation, course, termination of median and musculocutaneous nerve is extremely important in surgical exploration and administration of neuromuscular blocks in axillary region. This awarenesshelpful while planning reconstructive flap surgeries and treatment of fracture of humerus. Materials and Methods: This study was carried out on 40 normal formalin fixed upper limb specimens of 20 cadavers. Dissection was performed according to standard techniques. Variation in the origin, course, branching pattern, termination and relationship between median and musculocutaneous nerve were noted and documented. Results: In the present study, out of 40 specimens absence of musculocutaneous nerve was noted in 5% of the limbs. In those 5% limbs median nerve showed variation in origin, course and termination. Conclusion: This study will serve to understand the anatomical relationship between median and musculocutaneous nerve and it will help in various surgical procedures done on upper limb.
Study of Myocardial Bridges in the Hearts of the Human Cadavers
Background: Myocardial bridging is recognized as an anatomical variation of the human coronary circulation in which an epicardial artery lies in the myocardium for part of its course. Thus, the vessel is ‘bridged’ by myocardium. The possible clinical implications of myocardial bridging may vary from protection against atherosclerosis to systolic vessel compression and resultant myocardial ischemia. Materials and Methods: This study was carried out on 50 normal formalin fixed human heart specimens. Dissection was performed according to standard techniques. Percentage and distribution of myocardial bridges and its relationship with coronary artery dominance pattern of the heart were noted and documented. Results: Myocardial bridges were found in 35 (70%) of the hearts with a total of 46 bridges. Bridges were most often found over the anterior interventricular artery (28 MB), on its middle third (20 MB). Bridges were also found over the diagonal branch (4 MB) and over the left marginal branch (3 MB) branch of the left coronary artery. Out of 11MB found over the right coronary artery, 5 MB was found over the first segment and 6 MB over the posterior interventricular branch of the right coronary artery. Twenty seven (77.1%) of the hearts with bridges were right dominant. Six hearts (17.1%) were left dominant. Conclusion: This study will serve to understand the presence and distribution of the myocardial bridges in the heart and its relation with dominance of heart. The possibility of myocardial bridges should be borne in mind in individuals with ischemia but no evidence of coronary atherosclerosis.
