Agriculture plays an important and vital role in any economy especially for a country like Pakistan. Basically Pakistan is an agricultural country with the world’s sixth largest population. The current population of Pakistan is more than 160 million which is growing at the rate of almost two percent annually. The major portion of population (67%) lives in rural areas and depends totally on agriculture. Approximately 32% of the population lives below the poverty line. GDP growth depends upon crops production. Industrial sector of Pakistan is also agricultural based. Thus the improvement in industrial sector also depends upon the improvement of agriculture sector. So, if the agricultural production is not satisfactory, the foreign investors shift their capital to other countries where they can get better inputs for their industries. The use of fertilizer in Pakistan has been increased during last five decades. The government of Pakistan imposed a 15 percent GST (general sales tax) on all fertilizers in 2001, thus prices increased. Now prices of major fertilizers, Urea and DAP are 3500 and 700 per 50Kg bag respectively. The main objective of fertilizer use is to improve the efficiency of land and to increase the crop productivity. The overall aim is sustainability and growth in agricultural sector that should match the growing population for food security and the promotion of economic growth. The average farm size in Pakistan is quite small. Farmers have become so dependent on fertilizers for their crop production that they have been left with no other choice without the balance use of fertilizer. With increasing prices the farmers cannot afford to purchase these inputs.
Seizures are the most noticeable clinical manifestations of epilepsy; measurement of the hippocampus on magnetic resonance (MR) images of the brain has been useful for the assessment of patients with seizures. Therefore this study aimed to diagnose subjects who had developed epilepsy by measuring the RT and LT hippocampus area and volume considering epilepsy duration, seizure frequency, EEG results, T2 signal intensity, treatment, and children ages as well as to correlate the MRI findings with EEG findings. This Study was conducted at Gezira University- MRI Diagnostic center –Khartoum –Sudan during the period from 2010up to2011using Siemens 0.5 Tesla MRI machine. A total of 29 Sudanese children of both genders with clinical history of generalized seizures, and 17 normal children who were selected as control group at different ages were involved in this study. Children with head injury or organic lesion found on MR images were excluded.
The genesis of the Regional Rural Banks (RRBs) for around three and half decades can be traced to the need for stronger institutional arrangements for providing rural credit. The inception of RRBs can be seen as a unique experiment as well as experience in improving the efficacy of rural credit delivery mechanism in India. In the wake of introduction of financial sector reforms, the feasibility of RRBs emerged as the most crucial factors in deciding the desired role due to their limited business flexibility with hardly any scope of diversification, smaller size of loans with higher exposure to risk prone advances and professional inefficiency in financial deployment. In order to strengthen RRBs and to improve their performance, various initiatives have been taken by the Government of India and Reserve Bank of India. The paper, therefore, is a synopsis on the evaluation of performance of RRBs in India with respect to deposit mobilization, credit channelization, credit deposit ratio, deployment of credit to various occupations etc.
In this paper, we make a brief introduction to a new interdisciplinary--Extenics from three main parts -- extension theory, extension engineering and extension innovation methods, which can let more scholars from all over world to know what is Extenics, what achievements Extenics scholars have obtained.
Airbag systems such as frontal and side-impact airbags are developed to reduce occupant injuries during vehicle collisions. Yet, such systems have caused serious injuries to out-of-position occupants especially to smaller females and children. The primary objective of this study is to examine the different influential factors such asmass flow rate, fabric permeability ratio, fabric maximum inflated depth that contribute to OOP occupant injuries in airbag-related accidents. A mathematical model of Heidelberg stationary test, vehicle interior and seat mounted side-airbag is developed using the MADYMO code 7.4.2. The mathematical model of the airbag used in this study is a torso-only seat-mounted side-impact airbag (SAB). The airbag model is validated against similar study conducted by Hallman et al. and the results are found to be in good agreement. Once the airbag model is validated, the airbag and the anthropomorphic test dummy are positioned in a vehicle environment to better predict the occupant injuries in a static environment. The ATD test configurations are performed in accordance to the recommendations by The Side Airbag Out-Of-Position Injury Technical Working Group. Lastly, a set of parametric equations to predict the OOP occupants’ injuries are developed using the full factorial design.
Measuring earnings management is a crucial issue for stockholders and investors alike. Investors’ efficient evaluation of a firm (firm performance and its stocks returns on the stock market) depends on the selection of a measurement model appropriate to earnings management. Within this line of thinking, our study aims at presenting and comparing four earnings management measurement models examining Tunisian stock market information content and the ability to forecast managers’ behaviour. We classified the variable “discretionary accruals†into higher and lower levels and then analysed its effect on returns. The obtained results point to a significant coefficient for the two levels of discretionary accruals (according to the four models). This confirms that discretionary accruals allow Tunisian investors to better evaluate firm value and optimally form their stocks portfolios. Moreover, this study highlighted the determining role of firm size. For this latter, earnings management allows for increasing abnormal positive stocks returns for large Tunisian firms and reducing abnormal negative stocks returns for small Tunisian firms. In conclusion, if these accruals measurement models reach conclusions which are empirically reliable, this comes from the fact that they are very partial to reflect a complex reality.
Using a two (2) factors model, this research paper analyzes the impacts of both financial leverage and the size of firms’ competitors in the construction industry on the market risk level of 104 listed companies in this category. This paper founds out that the risk dispersion level in this sample study could be minimized in case financial leverage decreases down to 20% and the competitor size doubles (measured by equity beta var of 0,253). Beside, the empirical research findings show us that the risk level could be reduced when financial leverage increases up to 30% and the size of competitor doubles (measured by equity beta value of 0,934). Last but not least, this paper illustrates calculated results that might give proper recommendations to relevant governments and institutions in re-evaluating their policies during and after the financial crisis 2007-2011.
The face of a human being conveys a lot of information about identity and emotional state of the person. Face recognition is an interesting and challenging problem, and impacts important applications in many areas such as identification for law enforcement, authentication for banking and security system access, and personal identification among others. In our research work mainly consists of three parts, namely face representation, feature extraction and classification. Face representation represents how to model a face and determines the successive algorithms of detection and recognition. The most useful and unique features of the face image are extracted in the feature extraction phase. In the classification the face image is compared with the images from the database. In our research work, we empirically evaluate face recognition which considers both shape and texture information to represent face images based on Local Binary Patterns for person-independent face recognition. The face area is first divided into small regions from which Local Binary Patterns (LBP), histograms are extracted and concatenated into a single feature vector. This feature vector forms an efficient representation of the face and is used to measure similarities between images.
Ethics and morals are seen as personal view points. No minding the viewpoint, south ethical and moral values are very relevant in the banking industry. Ethics consist of certain rules and standards of conduct recognised as binding in a professional body, association or organisation, which is binding in the members. This paper discusses the relevant functions of commercial banks, and the ethical challenges in the performance of these functions. It evaluates the current ethical challenges in the banking industry, discusses the roles various regulatory agencies, have to play, in the adherence to ethical values, and advances solutions that will combat the aforementioned ethical and unethical challenges for the commercial banks to survive, ethical and moral values must be respected and adhered to, and sanctions meted out to erring individuals, that disobey the rules. This paper is descriptive in nature as it examines, the ethical issues, challenges and recommendations involved in ethical practices by commercial bankers in Nigeria. It proffers far reaching solutions to these ethical/unprofessional challenges in the commercial banking sector in Nigeria.
This study employs two approaches to assess efficiency of Islamic and Conventional banks in Pakistan by using Ratio analysis technique and a non parametric Data Envelopment Analysis technique. This research study considers 19 banks over the period of 2007-2011. The findings reveal in both methods that conventional banks are performing better than Islamic banks. This research study differ from other studies in respect that it uses two approaches to evaluate efficiency of public, private, foreign and Islamic banks. Furthermore, efficiency under Data Envelopment Analysis is evaluated by considering input and output oriented measures while lending funds, deposits and portfolio investments are taken as an output variable while input variables are borrowed funds and capital. This study calculates technical, pure and scale efficiency.
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