Research
Enhanced Immune Responses of Trivalent Foot and Mouth Disease Vaccine Using Montanide Oil and Clinoptilolite Adjuvants in Cattle
Adjuvant play an important role in the efficacy of vaccines, the protective immune response produced by vaccines can vary according to the kinds of adjuvant. The comprehensive sero-immunological study was conducted to reveal the adjutant’s effect of Clinoptilolite and oil on the immune response of trivalent Foot and mouth disease (FMD) vaccine in cattle. This study was conducted in five cattle groups; The first group was vaccinated intramuscularly (I/M) with trivalent FMD Clinoptilolite (1 μg/dose) vaccine, The second group was vaccinated with FMD (Oil + Clinoptilolite) vaccine and Third group was vaccinated with FMD oil vaccine while the fourth group were non vaccinated used as negative control and fifth group were used for safety test. Then conducted tests to compare the enhancement in cattle immunity. The humeral and cellular immune responses were monitored in different tested groups. The obtained results indicated that the incorporation of Clinoptilolite into inactivated FMD vaccine induces an increase of the specific protective immune response. Higher and longer period of immune responses were found in cattle vaccinated with both Montanide oil and Clinoptilolite adjuvanted vaccine up to 40 weeks, while those vaccinated with Clinoptilolite or oil vaccine showed protected immunity up to 32 weeks respectively. Finally, we recommended that using of Clinoptilolite with oil as a potential adjuvant in FMD vaccine.
Molecular Characterization of Recent Isolates of BEF Virus in Egypt
The present work studied an outbreak of bovine ephemeral fever (BEF) at El-Salhia dairy farm during July and August 2015. The herd was consisting of 1600 previously vaccinated cows. Clinical examination of the herd revealed clinical signs lead to suspect infection with bovine ephemeral fever as fever; harried respiration; lameness and recumbency in 103 cows. Serum samples, buffy coats and blood plasma samples from the diseased cows were used for identification and characterization of recent isolates of BEFV. The 103 animals were found to have non-protective low titers of BEF antibodies (≤2-8) as tested by serum neutralization test (SNT). Trials of virus isolation in baby mice brain and BHK21 cell culture from buffy coat and blood plasma samples revealed specific signs in inoculated mice (paralysis of the limbs, nervous symptoms, and death within 3-4 days post inoculation), and specific cytopathic effect in BHK-21 cell culture. Virus identification using virus neutralization tests (VNT) and direct fluorescent antibody technique (FAT) confirmed the presence of BEFV. Also, PCR, sequencing analysis and phylogenetic tree showed that the obtained isolate is closely related to Egypt-2005 strain. These findings indicated that BEF still causes a risk to the cattle industry in Egypt although there is an effective vaccine used against the disease. So much more studies should be conducted on the risk factors of the disease.
