References

1. N Akimitisu,H Hamamoto,R Inoue,M Shoji,A; ; Akamine,K Takemori,N; Hamasaki,K Sekimigu (1999). increase in resistance of Methicllin-Resistant Staph.ylococcus aureus to B-lactams caused by mutations conferring resistance to benzalkonium chloride, a disinfectant widely used in Hospitals.
2. J Andrew (2001). Determination of minimum inhibitory concentration.
3. Allison Aiello,Rebecca Coulborn,Vanessa Perez,Elaine Larson (2008). Effect of Hand Hygiene on Infectious Disease Risk in the Community Setting: A Meta-Analysis.
4. Boyce John,M,Pittet Didier (2002). Guideline for hand hygiene in healthcare settings, Recommendations of the healthcare infection control practices advisory committee and the.
5. Val Curtis,Sandy Cairncross (2003). Effect of washing hands with soap on diarrhoea risk in the community: a systematic review.
6. Helen Davison,Mark Woolhouse,J Low (2000). What is antibiotic resistance and how can we measure it?.
7. David Dyer,Kenneth Gerenratch,Peter Wadhams (1998). Testing a New Alcohol‐Free Hand Sanitizer to Combat Infection.
8. Erasmus Mn,J Richards,Mc (2010). Improving hand hygiene behavior of nurses using action planning. a pilot study in the intensive care unit and surgical ward.
9. Charles Evans,Wayne Smith,Elizabeth Johnston,Eloise Giblett (1950). Bacterial Flora of the Normal Human Skin*.
10. Douglas Fish (2002). Optimal antimicrobial therapy for sepsis.
11. J Fredrickson,J Zachara,D Balkwill,D Kennedy,Li,Kostand Ariches H.M,M Daly,Romie Brockman,F (2004). Geomicrobiology of high level nuclear waste. Contaminated vadose sediments at the Hanford sites Washington states.
12. F Geo (2004). microbiological approach to clinical medicine.
13. L Gibson,J Rose,C Haas,C Gerba,P Rusin (2002). Quantitative assessment of risk reduction from hand washing with antibacterial soaps.
14. Glenys Harrington,Kerrie Watson,Michael Bailey,Gillian Land,Susan Borrell,Leanne Houston,Rosaleen Kehoe,Pauline Bass,Emma Cockroft,Caroline Marshall,Anne Mijch,Denis Spelman (2007). Reduction in Hospitalwide Incidence of Infection or Colonization with Methicillin-Resistant<i>Staphylococcus aureus</i>With Use of Antimicrobial Hand-Hygiene Gel and Statistical Process Control Charts.
15. R Hay (1993). Fungi and fungal infections of the skin.
16. E Heise (1982). Diseases associated with immune suppression.
17. John Hibbard (2005). Analysis comparing the antimicrobial activity and safety of current antiseptic agent.
18. J Hilburn,B5 Hammond,P (2003). Use of alcohol hand sanitizer as an injection control strategy in an acute care facility.
19. Takeru Ishige,Kohsuke Honda,Sakayu Shimizu (2005). Whole organism biocatalysis.
20. Luis Jimenez,Michael Chiang (2006). Virucidal activity of a quaternary ammonium compound disinfectant against feline calicivirus: A surrogate for norovirus.
21. P Johson,Sw (2005). Effeciency of an alcohol/chlorhexidine hand hygiene program in a hospital with high rate of nosocomial mechicilinresistant Staph.ylococcus aureus (MRSA) injection.
22. Günter Kampf,Axel Kramer (2004). Epidemiologic Background of Hand Hygiene and Evaluation of the Most Important Agents for Scrubs and Rubs.
23. Katherine Harmon (2009). Your Microbes at Work: Fiber Fermenters Keep Us Healthy.
24. Axel Kramer,Peter Rudolph,Gonter Kampf,Didier Pittet (2002). Limited efficacy of alcohol-based hand gels.
25. Lark (2001). An outbreak of coagulase negative Staphylococcus surgical site infections following aortic valve replacement infection control and Hospital epidemiology.
26. Elaine Larson,Eve Early,Patricia Cloonan,Sandra Sugrue,Michael Parides (2000). An Organizational Climate Intervention Associated With Increased Handwashing and Decreased Nosocomial Infections.
27. Yee Lee,Thomas Cesario,Richard Lee,Sandra Nothvogel,James Nassar,Naheed Farsad,Lauri Thrupp (1994). Colonization by Staphylococcus species resistant to methicillin or quinolone on hands of medical personnel in a skilled-nursing facility.
28. Pengbo Liu,Yvonne Yuen,Hui-Mien Hsiao,Lee-Ann Jaykus,Christine Moe (2010). Effectiveness of Liquid Soap and Hand Sanitizer against Norwalk Virus on Contaminated Hands.
29. Harald Loffler,Gunter Kampf (2008). Hand disinfection: How irritant are alcohol?.
30. C Mackintosh,P Hoffman (1984). An extended model for Transfer of Micro-organisms via the hands, Differences between organism and the effect of alcohol disinfection.
31. Macowiak (1982). Unknown Title.
32. R Marples,A Towers (1979). A laboratory model for the investigation of contact transfer of micro-organisms.
33. L Montes,W Wilborn (1969). location of skin flora.
34. Patrick Findon,G Miller,T (1997). Residual moisture determines the level of touch-contactassociated bacterial transfer following hand washing.
35. L Pedersen,E Held,J Johansen,T Agner (2005). Less skin irritation from alcohol-based disinfectant than from detergent used for hand disinfection.
36. Hanns Pietsch (2001). Hand antiseptics: rubs versus scrubs, alcoholic solutions versus alcoholic gels.
37. D Pittet,B Allegranzi,J Byce (2009). The world health organization guidelines on hand hygiene in health care their consensus recommendations.
38. L Prescott,Harely,A Klein (2009). Microbiology.
39. P Price (1938). The bacteriology of normal skin: a new quantitative test applied to a study of the bacterial flora and the disinfectant action of mechanical cleansing.
40. G Rayan,D Flournoy (1987). Microbiologic flora of human fingernails.
41. M Rolter (1999). Hand washing and hand disinfection" Hospital epidemiology and infection control.
42. Lisa Saiman (2004). Microbiology of early CF lung disease.
43. Thomas Sandora,Mei-Chiung Shih,Donald Goldmann (2008). Reducing Absenteeism From Gastrointestinal and Respiratory Illness in Elementary School Students: A Randomized, Controlled Trial of an Infection-Control Intervention.
44. C Sears (2005). A dynamic partnership: Celebrating our gut flora.
45. S Son,M Dowching (2011). practically speaking rethinking hand hygiene improvement programs in health care setting.
46. J Turnidge,M Ferraro,J Jorgensen,Murray,Baron Pfaller,M,Yolken (2003). Susceptibility test methods: General considerations.
47. (Marc). Research shows hand sanitizers more effected against cold.
48. (2000). Chan, Dr Margaret F. C., (born 1947), Director-General, World Health Organization, 2007–17.
49. M Wilson (2005). Microbial inhabitants of humans: their ecology and role in health and disease.