Research
The Necessary Correction to General Relativity of P. Y. Zhou and The Errors of Hawking, Einstein and Yang
Some claimed that after Einstein, Hawking could be the great physicist. However, his only verified prediction, the nonexistence of Higgs Boson, is proven wrong. His space-time singularity theorems have been proven as due to invalid physical assumptions, the unique sign for all coupling constants. Hawking also do not understand Einstein's unification and the existence of repulsive gravitation. Thus, the over-evaluation Hawking is due to out-dated knowledge in physics. In fact, both Hawking and Einstein had mistaken that E=mc2 were valid, and believed in Einstein's covariance principle. In 1983, the first correction to general relativity is given by Zhou Pei-Yuan of Peking University, who points out that Einstein's covariance principle is invalid. This is subsequently verified in 2010 by Lo with explicit examples. Moreover, Einstein's theoretical justification for his covariance principle is found surprisingly due to his invalid applications of special relativity. Zhou suggested that a valid physical gauge would be the harmonic gauge whose linearized approximation has been subsequently proven valid by the Maxwell-Newton Approximation. Thus, Zhou could be right. However, C. N. Yang claimed that Zhou was wrong due to Yang's misunderstanding of the gauge invariance.
Rectifications of Einsteins Errors such as E = mc2 and Necessity of Extending General Relativity
Due to inadequacy in mathematics, physicists failed to see Einstein’s errors. For instance, the Einstein equation has no bounded dynamic solution due to missing the gravitational wave energy-stress tensor with an antigravity coupling, his calculation of the perihelion of Mercury cannot be justified with perturbation, and he did not see that the photonic energy must include gravitational wave energy. To derive the photonic energy, general relativity must be used. Following Einstein faithfully, Hawking never produced any verifiable predictions. This is due to that E = mc2 is incon-sistent with the Einstein equation and is a major error. In fact, their space-time singularity theorems are based on invalid assumptions in physics, and thus the results are irrelevant. Einstein wrongly rejected the repulsive gravitation due to the charge-mass interaction. Experiments confirmed such errors, and the current-mass interaction implies that the weight of a magnet is directional. The repulsive gravitation implies to measure mass through gravity is invalid. He also failed to extend general relativity to a five-dimensional theory because of the need of unification between gravitation and electromagnetism. The hovering of a charged capacitor on earth is due to the repulsive gravitational force which cannot be screened. His covariance principle is proven invalid by explicit examples, and the physical Riemannian space with a Euclidean-like structure is different from a mathematical Riemannian space embedded in a higher dimensional Euclidean space. This error has misinterpreted the Hubble’s law as evidence for an expanding universe.
The Measurements of Directional Dependence of Weight for Magnets
To explain the weight reduction of a charged capacitor and Einstein's unification, it is necessary to confirm the existence of the repulsive charge-mass interaction and the attractive current-mass interaction. Therefore, to show the existence of the current-mass interaction, one must measure the effect of a small directional dependence of weight for a magnet, To do this, one must exclude the magnetic effect from the earth. In addition, one should avoid the influence of the magnet to the electronic scale for weighing. Here, we provide a method to measure and confirm such tiny effects of weight directional dependence experimentally. However, it is not effective to measure the small current-mass interaction directly. A problem is that a current must have a maintaining source unless in the super-conducting situation. Thus, this connection to the source would affect the measurements of the small current-mass interaction. Moreover, E = mc2 is not always valid and Einstein failed his unification because, unlike Maxwell, he did not recognize that some additional interactions must be added to the original theories.
The Temperature Dependence of Gravitation for the Metallic Balls – Measured with a Torsion Balance Scale
We use a torsion balance scale to measure the attraction between two large lead balls and two smaller brass balls, connected with an up-side down T bar that is hung with a string. The vertical part of the T bar is attached with a mirror that reflects a laser beam to provide a light spot that shows how much the T bar has turned. It is observed that the gravitational forces between the lead balls and the brass balls are reduced when the temperature of the lead balls increased. Thus, this experiment shows clearly the existence of a repulsive gravitational force that increases as the temperature of the lead balls increase. This supports that the charge-mass interaction is the reason that the theories of Galileo, Newton, and Einstein failed to explain the Anomaly of the Space-Probes and flybys, and the fact that not all the neutral subjects necessarily fall with the same acceleration. In other words, the Newtonian law of gravitation is only approximately valid. Thus, the attempts such as J. Luo (罗俊)'s to obtain an accurate gravitational coupling constant with just improved skill are futile. The physical picture of Galileo, Newton, and Einstein on gravitation needs to be improved.
The Repulsive Gravitation and Errors of Einstein
Einstein rejected repulsive gravitation which Galileo and Newton also over-looked although the repulsive gravitation can be identified if one calculates the static Einstein equation for a charged particle carefully. However, Einstein believed incorrectly the speculation of unconditional validity of E = mc2. Because of inadequacy in pure mathematics, Einstein failed to see that the photons have gravitational energy, and his equation has no dynamic solution and that the coupling constants cannot have unique sign. Otherwise, the Einstein equation is in conflict with the notion of photons and violates the principle of causality. Einstein also failed to see a crucial error, the inconsistency between the Einstein equation and E = mc2. Now, experiments have proven that the gravitational force consists of three components: 1) the mass-mass attractive interaction, 2) the repulsive charge-mass interaction, 3) the current-mass attractive interaction. Thus, Einstein's unification is necessary, and would start another revolution in physics. A main problem in physics is, however, the incompetence of APS in pure mathematics.
An Open Letter to the International Mathematics Union on the Errors in the 1982 and 1990 Fields Medal Awards
Since Einstein's theory is proven to be not self-consistent and incomplete, the positive mass theorem of S. T. Yau, which implied Einstein's theory would be consistent and stable is clearly incorrect. Apparently, Yau did not know that the Einstein equation does not have any bounded dynamic solution because he has never attempted to obtain one. Consequently, Yau was not aware that his assumption has already excluded the dynamic solutions. Thus, this error of Yau is due to that he does not understand physics. This error in the Fields Medal Awards is due to that those responsible for the awards do not understand physics, and have a blind faith on Einstein. Thus, to remove the erroneous influence of Yau, it is desirable for the International Mathematics Union to correct her mistakes. Key Words: stable solution; dynamic solution, E = mc2, Repulsive gravitation.
The Question of Space-Time Singularities in General Relativity and Einsteins Errors
In general relativity, the existence of space-time singularities plays a central role on the notion of black holes and the expanding universe. However, these two speculations have not been firmly verified in spite of the efforts of generations of physicists. The existence of space-time singularities is due to the spacetime singularity theorems of Hawking and Penrose, whose implicit physical assumption is the general validity of E = mc2 that leads to the unique sign for all the couplings. However, recently it is found that such an assumption is not supported by various experiments. In particular, the electromagnetic energy is not equivalent to mass. In fact, the Einstein equation with massive sources has no dynamic solution unless the gravitational energystress tensor with an anti-gravity coupling is added to the source.
The Question of E = mc2 and Rectification of Einsteinas General Relativity
The formula E = mc2 is a speculation that was confirmed by Nuclear fission and fusion, but is not valid for the electromagnetic energy alone because the electromagnetic energy-stress tensor is traceless. On the other hand, for the light rays satisfying E = mc2 necessitates the existence of a photonic tensor with an anti-gravity coupling added to the Einstein equation with the source of an electromagnetic wave. This is consistent with the massive dynamic case that the Einstein equation must be rectified to the Lorentz-Levi-Einstein equation. Moreover, because the couplings in the Einstein equation must have different signs for the dynamic case that involves gravitational waves, the space-time singularity theorems of Hawking and Penrose actually are irrelevant to physics. The misinterpretation of E = mc2 as generally valid, is responsible for overlooking the charge-mass interaction, which is crucial for the unification of gravitation and electromagnetism. General validity of E = mc2 is also in disagreement with experiments. It is pointed out that the interpretations of E = mc^2 of both Nobel Laureates, 't Hooft and Wilczek, just like many others, are also incorrect.
The Errors in the Fields Medals, 1982 to S. T. Yau and 1990 to E. Witten
Due to inadequate understanding in physics, mathematicians have made misleading erroneous claims in general relativity that result in awarding three times the Fields Medal in 1982 to S. T. Yau, and 1990 to E. Witten, and the 2011 Shaw Prize to D. Christodoulou. It is pointed out that they failed to discover that there are no bounded dynamic solutions for the Einstein equation as Gullstrand suspected. Thus, the existence of bounded dynamic solutions was implicitly, but incorrectly assumed. This error currently prevents the necessary rectification of general relativity that leads to the unification of gravitation and electromagnetism. Also, similar errors have been made by D. Hilbert and M. Atiyah.
Errors of the Wheeler School, the Distortions to General Relativity and the Damage to Education in MIT Open Courses in Physics
General relativity is difficult to understand, and recently it is discovered as not yet self-consistent. Einstein’s theory of measurement is known as incompatible with the rest of physics, and thus misinterpretations were created. Among them, the dominant misinterpretations of the Wheeler School are due to inadequacy in mathematics and physics. In particular, their distortions of Einstein’s equivalence principle maintain initial errors and create their own errors. Moreover, the errors on dynamic solutions have far reaching consequences to other areas of physics. These errors are responsible for the mistakes in the press release of the 1993 Nobel Committee who was unaware of the non-existence of dynamic solutions and the experimental supports to Einstein’s equivalence principle. To illustrate the damages of such misinterpretations and errors to education, the MIT Open Course Phys. 8.033 is chosen since it is accessible to the public and the influence of the Wheeler School to MIT is a relatively recent event. Nevertheless, the rectifications of errors in general relativity lead to a discovery of the new chargemass interaction because E = mc2 is only conditionally valid. And experimental confirmations of such an interaction prove for the necessity of unification between gravitation and electromagnetism, and thus enable other theoretical progresses.
