Changming Wang

Quantum, Gravity and Atom Computing

The Principles of Thermodynamics

This paper establishes the principles of thermodynamics on the foundation of the Principles of Matter or Laws of Unity, which describe matter as a hierarchy of unities formed and sustained through the interplay of potential‑energy (Ep), sharing‑energy (Es), and excess‑energy (Ee). Within this framework, inertia is redefined and generalised as the unity force, consisting of […]

The Principles of Matter

Matter is any substance that has mass and energy. Matter has a minimum energy requirement.Matter tends to share energy with other matter to form a system of minimum energy formation. Matter moves because of this tendency. Relevant issues are discussed. Examples and evidence are listed to show how the Principles of Matter work.

The Nature of Photons

Photons are matter that have energy but are almost massless4. Photons oscillate because of their energy. Photons tend to share energy with other matter to form the minimum energy bonds. When bonded photons get extra energy than their bonding force, they become free photons. Free photons travel by oscillating because of the extra energy, in the direction of leaving the energy source, at the speed of almost 300,000 km per second3, until they transfer the extra energy and become bonded photons again. Thus, free photons are proposed to be the energy carriers of the Universe, and the actual substance of aether.

The Photon and the Principles of Matter

Matter keeps its internal potential-energy (Ep) and sharing-energy (Es) as a (part of a) unity, until being forced out of the unity by external excess-energy (Ee >= Es) as a free particle. Matter shows its sharing-energy (Es) as gravity (F) or weight (W) or inertia-at-rest to its unity centre: Es = F = W. Unity force or inertia (Fu = Es + Ee) is matter’s tendency to be unity, expressed as attracting while energy sharing in a unity (Ee = 0), as gravity or weight or inertia-atrest to its unity centre; or repelling while excess-energy transferring out of the unity (Ee → 0), as inertia-in-motion or heat. That is, gravity is redefined as matter’s attraction to its unity centre, caused by its sharing-energy. Inertia is redefined and generalised to matter’s unity force, caused by its sharing-energy (as inertia-at-rest or gravity) and its excess-energy (as inertia-in-motion or heat). The Big Bang created four kinds of base particles: proton (p), electron (e), neutrino (ν), and photon (γ). The photon tends to be in an electron unity (eγ), oscillating around its electron (the unity centre), attracting while energy sharing. When getting external excess-energy (Ee >= Es), the photon oscillates out of the unity as a free photon (γ+) with wave-particle duality, leaving the external energy at the speed of light, as a gamma ray, X-ray or light particle, repelling while excess-energy transferring.

The Nature of the Neutrino

Matter shows its energy (E) as potential energy (Ep), sharing energy (Es) and kinetic excess energy (Ee): E = Ep + Es + Ee. Matter or a system shows its excess energy (Ee > 0) as a free particle; after releasing or transferring the excess energy (Ee = 0), it keeps the remaining energy - its energy limit (Ep + Es) - as a (part of a) unity. Matter or a system shows its sharing energy (Es) as weight (to its unity centre Wu), which can be standardized as mass (m or Mu): Es = Wu = Mu. Unity force (Fu = Es + Ee) is matter’s tendency to be unity, expressed as repelling while excess-energy releasing (Ee → 0) out of a unity, or attracting while energy sharing (Ee = 0) in a unity. The Big Bang created four kinds of base particles: proton (p), electron (e), neutrino (v), and photon (γ). The neutrino is an energy-sharing agent and tends to be in a proton unity (pv), where the proton is the unity centre. Absent from nuclear fusion, a hydrogen nucleus has only one proton unity (pv). In a nuclear fusion centre, the base unities (pv and eγ) are so dense and hot that their sharing energy is raised so high from their potential energy (Ep → Es), they become energy sharing (nuclear fusing).

The Nature of the Electron

Unity is defined as matter or a system with its maximum energy limit. In an atom unity, electrons are attracting while energy sharing. Out of the unity, electrons are kinetically repelling while excess-energy releasing gradually. The concept of a specific “electric charge” is a misconception, also is the concept of “oppositely charged” electrons and protons. Matter’s energy is scalar, not vector, any “antimatter” is a misconception, including the concept of a “positively charged electron”, and the idea of “annihilation”. The Big Bang created four base particles: proton (p), electron (e), neutrino (ν), and photon (γ). The electron usually shares energy with a photon as an electron unity (eγ). Electrons move to be dynamic unity, expressed as two distinct types of oscillations: 1) Electrons of an atom unity oscillate around their nucleus, attracting while energy sharing. Each electron’s orbit is the equilibrium of its unity force; 2) Outside electric forces can break free those outermost electrons from the atom unities of a conductor, oscillate them away, align and energize them, forming stronger electron waves with magnetic effects, and simultaneously cause them to flow along the potential difference as electric currents.

The Fundamental Forces and Their Unification

This paper introduces the concept of unity, defined as matter or a system with its maximum energy limit. Unity is proposed as the origin of inertia and mass due to its resistance to change. Unity force is defined as matter’s tendency of being unity, expressed as attracting while energy sharing in a unity or repelling while excess-energy releasing out of the unity. Mass is a special case of unity force: when in unity, matter’s unity force Fu equals its rest mass M: Fu = M. The statement that matter has mass and energy means that matter has a unity force using its energy to maintain its unity. Matter’s unity force Fu also equals its weight with its unity centre Wu: Fu = Wu. Unity force is proposed as the fundamental force underlying all known natural forces. Strong force and weak force are the same unity force, with every two protons sharing energy with one electron in atomic nuclei in their respective situations. Electromagnetism results from electron waves releasing excess-energy for dynamic unity that can be aligned and intensified by outside forces. Unity force is also proposed to replace gravity. The paper also challenges certain misconceptions in contemporary physics.

The Formation of the Universe

Unity is defined as matter or a system with its maximum energy limit. Unity Force is matter’s tendency of being unity, expressed as attracting while energy sharing in a unity or repelling while excessenergy releasing out of the unity. The universe was (and still is) formed of four base particles: proton, electron, neutrino, and photon, created from the Big Bang. Then, each electron bonded with a photon as an electron unity, so that light could not propagate; each proton bonded with a neutrino as a proton unity, and the two unities made the universe opaque. No gravity, nor gravitational collapse, is needed to draw these base particles together because they were dense and hot in the first place when created. The high density and temperature were perfect for nuclear fusions, and the force of nuclear fusion (unity force) would keep pulling particles together. Most nuclear fusion centres with excess-energy releasing, form stars and planets. The rest, extra-large nuclear fusion centres with inner cores unable to release excessenergy as a repelling force, form black holes with much stronger attracting unity forces of their respective galaxies. Nuclear fusion produced the first light, and then atom formation brought the dawn of the universe.