Consideration of energy consumption in the case of wireless ad hoc networks leads to effective reduction of energy consumption by the nodes and increases the lifetime of the batteries for nodes. It is imperative from the existing models that there is significant scope for improvement in the energy-consumption based route discovery models. A model of Fuzzy based marginal energy disbursed multicast route discovery model for MANETs can support in reducing the power consumption has been proposed in our earlier research paper. In the present paper, a contemporary solution termed “Energy Consumption Aware Route Discovery for Multicasting for MANETs” has been proposed, which is profoundly a fuzzy reasoning and genetic algorithm based model that focus on both the energy consumption and also the element of end-to-end delay whilst discovering the route. The experimental study of the model in comparison to BWDCMR and GAEEQMR models depicted that the proposed algorithm is very effective and can certainly be result oriented.

Many federal systems incorporate presidential system with individual or dual executive. Such executive presidencies are imbued with substantial powers, dominating politics and government with farreaching implications. The potential advantage of presidential system is ‘often challenged by the occurrence of divided governments’ capable of thwarting executive’s potential successes.Recurringintrainstitutionalleadership crisis borne out of high-wired politics, personal and political differences negating the spirit of the Constitution and threatening democratic consolidation suffice.Such crisis underlines the limitations of individual and dual executives amidst agitations for amendment to perceived flaws in constitutional provisions in emerging democracies. The Nigeria’s 1999 Constitution provides for dual executive presidency comprising a President and a Vice-President jointly elected for a renewable fouryear term of office.The predominance of viable governing institutions, as opposed to personal leadership was an aberration prior to the embrace of popular government.

Urban heat island, together with urban noise and urban air pollution, are the three major environmental challenges of future more livable cities. Urban heat island is defined as the phenomenon that the air temperature in urban area is consistently higher than its rural area (Oke, 1973). It has posed similar heat-related stress and health issues (Kovats and Hajat, 2008; Lo and Quattrochi, 2003; Oikonomou et al., 2012), higher energy costs (Kolokotroni et al. 2012) and downgraded urban living quality (Mavrogianni et al., 2011). Earlier studies in Singapore has identified an urban heat island intensity of 4.5 °C (Wong and Chen, 2006). Another study of Chow and Roth (2006) has reported that the maximum urban heat island intensity occurs in central business districts, low-rise and high-rise residential area around six hours after sun sunsets. It is also found that stronger urban heat islands are observed in May to August during Southwest monsoon. The maximum urban heat island intensity could be as high as 7 °C observed at Orchard Road at 9pm. While many causes of the urban heat island have been identified as in Gartland (2008), the contribution of each component strongly depends on the individual city and its geography. To understand the science behind urban heat island and propose possible countermeasures in Singapore, it is of critical importance to identity each type of heat sources and sinks and their respective contributions.

A disaster is any occurrence that causes damage, ecological disruption, loss of human life, or deterioration of health and health services on a scale sufficient to warrant an extraordinary response from outside the affected community or area. The Slum and informal settlement households are living in poor dwelling conditions. In these settlements, one side congested area forces them to have fire related activities in unsafe conditions. Other side, without Government notification on their legality of living in Slum areas, they are not provided with common living conditions available with other members of society. On top of all ‘the Sword of Eviction’ is seen even during day dreaming by these poor habitants. Their identity linked with residence keeps them and their growing kids in state of inferiority and depression. To mitigate damages by fire-disaster, recovery, rehabilitation, and development efforts require enormous funds that, amidst insufficient contingency funds, are taken out from other development programmes of city that are planned or underway, thereby impeding development efforts. Therefore, it is important that disaster mitigation programmes are made an integral part of developmental programmes of Delhi. At the same time, efforts to enhance the capacities of communities and coping systems at various levels and sectors towards self-reliance and selfsufficiency in managing disasters effectively and must be sustainable. It is immediate requirement to recognise ownership of slum habitants and proper housing is provided to them with government plans.

A disaster means that appalling disturbance / change which brings with it great damage, misery and death when it occurs and leaves a legacy of destruction that has to be overcome. Although disasters have enormous damaging capacity, there exist considerable evidence of the efforts made by human beings to survive in extreme events such as earthquakes or hurricanes or fires and these evidences are observed throughout ancient to modern history of human civilization. In contemporary societies, warnings and repercussions of disasters has been superintended by various organizations in various forms. International aid-agencies such as the World Bank (WB), United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), Canadian International Development Agency (CIDA), and United States Agency for International Development (USAID) etc. emphasize through their Disaster Relief Program (DRM) on the involvement of community for development purposes and long term sustainability (UNDP-DRM, 2002-09).

Social networking sites are the virtual community for sharing information among the people. It raises its popularity tremendously over the past few years. Many social networking sites like Twitter, Facebook, WhatsApp, Instragram, LinkedIn generates tremendous amount data. Mining such huge amount of data can be very useful. Frequent itemset mining plays a significant role to extract knowledge from the dataset. Traditional frequent itemsets method is ineffective to process this exponential growth of data almost terabytes on a single computer. Map Reduce framework is a programming model that has emerged for mining such huge amount of data in parallel fashion. In this paper we have discussed how different MapReduce techniques can be used for mining frequent itemsets and compared each other’s to infer greater scalability and speed in order to find out the meaningful information from large datasets.

The success of plantation program depends to a great extent on success of nursery. Nursery usually, depending on weather condition and bed type. Beds can be made of three types (raised bed, sunken bed and level bed. To this end, we have been undertaken the experiment on evaluation of dry nursery management at arid and semi arid areas in Daro Labu and Habro districts in randomized complete block design with six replications (PAs as replication) in 2013/14 and 2014/15 cropping seasons. Coffee (Mehara-1 ) variety was sown as test crop in sunken bed with different treatments (bare root without plastic sheet, bare root with plastic sheet, polythene tube without plastic sheet and polythene tube with plastic sheet) and normal bed (level bed) as control. Two years data of survival rate, root-shoot ratio, and seedling height and germination percentage were collected and analyzed. The result revealed that there was significant difference (P<0.05) in survival rate during first and second years in which bare root without plastic sheet, polythene tube without plastic sheet and control shown higher performance than bare root with plastic sheet and polythene tube with plastic sheet. Bare root without plastic sheet and polythene tube without plastic sheet offers much promise for nursery management for future use in arid and semi-arid areas of the study areas and similar agro-ecologies.

About 10% of women will be diagnosed with breast cancer during their lifetime; however in majority of cases the underlying cause is unknown. Across the globe, breast cancer is the second most common type of cancer and the second leading cause of cancer death in women; the risk factors for breast cancer include older maternal age at birth of first child, earlier onset of menses, later age at menopause, increased mammographic density and the presence of specific genetic alterations (Beasley et al, 2010). Both alcohol and tobacco have significant causal roles in numbers of cancers including breast cancer (Kristan, 2003). A prospective follow-up clinical study that tracked 1.3 million women over 7.3 years demonstrated that among women who reported recent alcohol consumption, a 12% elevation in breast cancer risk was observed for each additional drink (Beasley et al, 2010). Notwithstanding studies such as those cited above the impact of smaller amounts of drinking is not documented well. Information on drinking styles, such as regular drinking and heavy episodic drinking, aka binge drinking, is also deficient. Also, it is important to assess the role of alcohol intake at different times in a woman’s life (Chen et al, 2011). Consumption of alcohol could be a modifiable risk factor which could reduce the cancer burden among women in the Western world. (Tjønneland et al, 2007).

This research was conducted to know the biological composition and biodiversity of Rotifera in Al-Shamyiah River. For this purpose, four stations were selected on the river. The samples were collected monthly for the period from March 2012 until February 2013. The relative abundance index results showed that species Keratella valga and K. cochlearis and Monostyla bulla are among the most abundant taxonomic units relative to river water . The constancy index showed the presence of 12 constant taxonomic units in this river. However the other taxonomy units varied from "accessory" and "accidental" taxonomic units in study stations. During this study of 88 taxonomic units of rotifera were identified. Values of species richness index of rotifera group varied from 0-13.05. The total Shanon-Weiner index varied from 0-3.58 bit/Ind.. The species uniformity index of rotifera group varied from 0-0.94, and these high values indicate that there is no ecological stress on rotifera in Al-Shamyiah River environment.

The present study was carried out on AL-Kufa River in the middle of Iraq to study the biodiversity of rotifera by investigating some of biodiversity index values. The samples were collected monthly, from March 2012 till February 2013, at four selected stations on the river; the first is located in Al-Kifil City, the second in Al- Kufa City, the third in AbuSkhar City and the fourth after Al- Mushkab City. About 92 Taxa of rotifera was identified. The rotifera density recorded ranged from 425 to 17925 Ind./m3, the high values were in Spring and Autumn, while the lowest values were recorded in Summer and Winter. The results of the relative abundance index showed that Keratella cochlearis, K. valga, Euchlanis delatata were more abundant in the Kufa River. Also the results of constancy index showed 9 taxa belonged to rotifera which were considered "Constant" at all stations. The other taxonomic units ranged between emergency and additive according to its presence in the study stations. The values of the species richness index of rotifera varied from 3.42 to18.26 with the greatest values in April ,while lower values in September and June. The Shanon-Weiner index of rotifera ranged from 1.85 to 3.78 bits/Ind., with the highest values in April 2012 and September 2012, while lower values in June 2012 and January 2013. The uniformity index of rotifera varied from 0.01 to 0.9,these high values indicate that there is no ecological stresses on zooplankton in the study area.