Turkey, is undergoing a fast modernization process on one hand; but people still cling to traditional ways, on the other hand. This dual character makes it difficult for the formal and informal aspects of social life to go in parallel. There is a gap between anything officially on paper and the actual social reality of the real world out there.

The mechanisms of generation of the nonlinear interactions in the quantum systems are studied using a nonlinear Schrodinger equation, which can describe the states and properties of motion of the microscopic particles. The investigations show that the interactions arises from the interaction between the moved particle and background field. the difficulties, limitations and approximations of the quantum mechanics and its roots and reasons are first revealed and pointed out. The quantum mechanics simplifies and blots out the real motions and interactions of the microscopic particles including the nonlinear interactions, thus the particles have only a wave feature, not corpuscle feature. In view of these problems and difficulties we add the nonlinear interaction, φ φ 2 b , into the dynamic equation and use again it to describe the particles. Thus the wave or dispersive effect of the particles is suppressed by the nonlinear interactions, thus its localization and wave-corpuscle duality are displayed and exhibited naturally. Subsequently, we investigate the features of the particles and find that the nonlinear interactions exist always, if and only if the real motions of the particles and background fields as well as the interactions between them are considered simultaneously. On the basis of analyses of dynamics of the electrons and nucleon or lattice (background) fields we give two mechanisms of self-interaction and selftrapping for the generation of nonlinear interactions and corresponding representations. Finally we discuss the properties of the nonlinear interactions in the two mechanisms and obtain the relations between the action and counteraction of the two nonlinear interactions of the particles and background fields. We find that although the nonlinear interaction accepted by the particles and background field can generate simultaneously in the nonlinear quantum systems, the two nonlinear interactions do not completely satisfy the law of action and counteract

Back ground: Adolescent is an experimental and transitional time to adulthood, they also susceptible to different sexual and reproductive health problems. Almost all of studies weren’t addressed on repetition of parent–adolescent communication on sexual and reproductive health issues. This study aimed to assess repetition of parent-adolescent communication on sexual and reproductive health matters among secondary and preparatory school students in Yirgalem Town, South Ethiopia. Methods: An institution based cross sectional study was conducted in 2015.A 684 high school adolescents were recruited by simple random sampling method in Yirgalem Town. Focus group discussion qualitative was used through separately for female and male parents. Data were entered using Epi Info version 3.5.1 was exported and analyzed by SPSS version 20.Bivariate and multivariate logistic regression was used to identify repetition of adolescent- parent communication. Results: Three hundred ninety (59.1%) respondents were discussed sexual and reproductive health issues with their parents. Parents 2.3 times monthly had discussed on HIV/AIDS than others [AOR = 2.296, 95% CI: 1.500-3.514]. Conclusion: Repetition of parent-adolescent communication on sexual and reproductive health matters were low. The mass media give coverage related to parent-adolescent communication, encourage role model families communication and community level to increase parent-adolescent communication.

The main purpose of this research is to empirically ascertain the nexus of Nigeria’s debt burden and development tangle. In order to embark on this exercise, relevant data were sourced from Central Bank of Nigeria statistical bulletin and National Bureau of Statistics fact book spanning the years (1980-2014). The Johansen test for the co-integrating association corroborates that a long run dynamic equilibrium link exists between economic development and debt stocks, and the Granger Causality result shows that the various debt stocks granger caused the performance of the Nigeria’s economy. On the basis of our findings and conclusion thereof, and in the light of the need to encourage and promote economic development, a strategy that exercises tense embargo on fresh loans and advances should be put in place and the government should try by all means to reduce the quantum of public debt as well as its total eradication via debt buy back, total cancelling of the debt or complete repudiating of the debt stock. Policies that will promote increase in the volume of commodities export should be put in place by the government, which will boast earnings from foreign exchange and hence help to eliminate the huge deficit in the revenue account of the federation.

This study focused on school going children’s educational performances of working nonworking mothers. Factors including parents’ highest level of education and their profession, family income, family size and the number of school-going siblings in the family were considered as the explanatory variables of educational performances. Based on the primary data collected through a random sample survey of the students from two schools in Chittagong University campus and applying the regression analysis of the ANCOVA model, this study found that mothers’ level of education and family income have a significantly positive impact on students’ academic performances though the mothers’ employment status has a negative impact except those who are employed in teaching profession. Thus, this study suggests that the ideal profession for mothers is teaching which plays a vital role on their children’s educational performances than the other professional mothers.

This paper examines the place of youth sport towards harnessing diversity through youth sport for sustainable development. The theory used in this research paper was anchored on functionalist theory propounded by Emile Durkheim in 1915. This paper also attempt to examine youth sport as an inevitable tool for national integration which all parts of the nation, societal systems are able to enjoy regardless of language, tribe, culture, religion and even socioeconomic status. Sport and development are naturally complementary processes that can enable government and other stakeholders of sustainable development to build a better world. Youth sport is a powerful social pivot, a strong social connector and a vector that brings people of different socio-cultural, multi-ethnic and multi-lingual diversities together. Youth sport is successfully used to promote social inclusion which provide respite in the periods of conflict, build trust and establish bridges between groups in conflict; it also contribute to peace building in post conflict situations and promote a culture of youth empowerment. The paper also suggested strategies to harness diversities with emphasis on culture and active participation of the government. Finally, the paper recommended that stakeholders should ensure proper attention and investment of resources in sports sector so that youth sport and activities at all levels will be meaningfully integrated as major uncompromising tool for harnessing the heritage of cultural diversities and to achieve sustainable development agenda in our societies.

This paper examines the level of corruption in educational system focusing on the private secondary schools in Nigeria. The paper argues that corruption is a general disease within the private school proprietors, policymakers, examination councils, teachers, supervisors and invigilators, and above all, leads to the abuse of teaching as a profession like other professional bodies in Nigeria. In all human societies, particularly the modern ones, education therefore remains one of the most powerful instruments for both the development of man and transformation of the human society. However, the efficacy and efficiency of education as an instrument of transformation depends entirely on how all the stakeholders, students as individual’s, parents, teachers, proprietors of private schools, policymakers, examination council, ministry of education and the government manage, execute and implement policy on education meant for the upliftment of educational sector. In this study, the factors, types, costs, causes of corruption and challenges facing private secondary schools were examined. Solutions and strategies to tackle the challenges were also examined.

Background: Application of chemicals for the control of Helicoverpa armigera and Diparopsis castanea is based on egg threshold, while for Erias insulana and E. biplaga larval counts are used. In Zimbabwe the traditional farmer practice involves use of weekly spraying, fortnightly spraying and spraying at first sight of damaged squares. The methods may be less effective, costly, damaging to the environment and labour intensive. Experiments were conducted for three consecutive seasons from 2010/11 season up to 2012/13 season to evaluate the spray timing methods. Spraying at bollworm egg threshold level was the standard. The trial was laid as a randomised complete block design replicated four times at Cotton Research Institute, Dande and Umguza. Results: Analysis of variance was done on bollworm larval counts and seed cotton yield using Genstat 14th version of 2011. The standard method and weekly spraying produced comparably reduced larval counts. Fortnightly spraying and spraying at first sight of damaged squares was less effective in control of bollworms. The standard method significantly spared predators at most sites over the three seasons in contrast with weekly spraying. However predator counts for standard and the other methods were comparable. Results of cost-benefit analysis done only in 2012/13 showed that weekly spraying was most expensive than other methods. Conclusion: The standard method continued to be the best spray timing method for farmers.

The issue of mobility concern in heterogeneous network is addressed in this paper. The coding approach of spectrum utilization and signal effort in user mobility in heterogeneous network is been made. New coding approach of spectrum utilization in concern with resource utilization and signaling overhead is focused. New approach of spectrum utility level is been made to overcome the issue of signaling overhead in spectrum utilization in Het Net. For achieving the objective of fairness in heterogeneous network under mobility constraint, multi objective coordination approach for optimal resource utilization is proposed. The resource utilization problem is defined by the effective spectrum utilization among network users minimizing the signaling overhead. The simulation observations developed shows an improvement in significant resource utilization in compare to conventional approaches.

Artificial Intelligence (AI) was mostly regarded as science-fiction in the past but with the recent advancements in technology, it has silently crept into our lives. From social media to computer games to self-driving cars to military gadgets to personal digital assistants, AI is everywhere. This progress is also due to a paradigm shift in AI community where current trend is to make AI stronger in specific domains rather than making a human-like AI which can do anything. Resultantly, AI can now out-perform humans in many areas. But this progress of AI is scary for some people who are predicting the “rise of machines” in half a century or so if AI progress remains unbridled.