This work describes an intelligent framework that enables the derivation of stems from inflected words. Word stemming is one of the most important factors affecting the performance of many language applications including parsing, syntactic analysis, speech recognition, retrieval systems, medical systems, tutoring systems, biological systems,…, and translation systems. Computational stemming is essential for dealing with some natural language processing such as Arabic Language, since Arabic is a highly inflected language. Computational stemming is an urgent necessity for dealing with Arabic natural language processing. The framework is based on logic programming that creates a program to enabling the computer to reason logically. This framework provides information on semantics of words and resolves ambiguity. It determines the position of each addition or bound morpheme and identifies whether the inflected word is a subject, object, or something else. Position identification (expression) is vital for enhancing understandability mechanisms. The proposed framework adapts bi-directional approaches. It can deduce morphemes from inflected words or it can build inflected words from stems. The proposed framework handles multi-word expressions and identification of names. The framework is based on definiteclause grammar where rules are built according to Arabic patterns (templates) using programming language prolog as predicates in first-order logic. This framework is based on using predicates in firstorder logic with object-oriented programming convention which can address problems of complexity. This complexity of natural language processing comes from the huge amount of storage required. This storage reduces the efficiency of the software system. In order to deal with this complexity, the research uses Prolog as it is based on efficient and simple proof routines. It has dynamic memory allocation of automatic garbage collection. This facility, in addition to relieve the

The genus pea is originated in Near Eastern and Mediterranean centers of diversity. Since Ethiopia is one of the Vavilov’s centers of origin of cultivated flora, distribution of the single Pisum sativum subsp. abyssinicum A. Braun is in Ethiopia in the Ancient Mediterranean area of origin of cultivated plants. Field pea is one of the oldest crops in Ethiopia with a unique subspecies developed in Ethiopia, Pisum sativum subsp. abyssinicum. Dekoko (Pisum sativum var, abyssinicum) an important crop in mixed farming and is widely mixed with the main cereal crops growing in south Tigray such as sorghum, barely and teff and is the potential grain growing or cultivated in the region with chick pea, linseed, grass pea and fenugreek. While varieties of field peas can be found around the world. The existing field pea germplasm endemic to Northern part the Ethiopia particularly the highland areas of South Tigray and the Northern part of the former province of Wollo has a phenotypic diversity and tolerance/resistance to disease. Dekoko is capable of producing seed yield of up to 1.95 t/ha under phosphorus fertilization but not yet record data without fertilizer treatment. Dekoko can be used as landrace in Ethiopia because, land races are the genetic wealth that a crop acquires over many years of its existence and have considerable breeding values as they contain valuable adaptive genes to different circumstances.

The present study makes an attempt to examine the presence of herding in Indian stock market amongst the investors, using the daily closing price of NSE’s benchmark index Nifty and thirty six companies forming part of it for a period commencing from January 1, 2008 to December 31, 2015. It explores the likely consequences of different levels of herding in Indian stock market. The study employs the methodology suggested by Chang et al. (2000) of cross sectional absolute deviation (CSAD) to test herd formation. The results of the study do not provide any evidence of herding in the Indian security market during the chosen period. The study further denies the evidence of herding during bull and bear phases of markets and also during the extreme market conditions. These results indicate that Indian security market investors tend to take investment decisions of their own and do not indulge in any herd tendency and imitate the investment behavior of other fellow investors.

The manufacture of conventional polyurethanes include the use of isocyanates, which in turn require using toxic and hazardous phosgene. The safety devices are necessary to prepare these monomers. Therefore, the huge investment is inevitable for this process. Also, these monomers cannot be considered as environmentally friendly chemicals. The increasing global awareness for protection of environment from chemical pollutants has created a necessary demand for environmentally benign products. The reaction of cyclic carbonates (polycarbonates) with amines results in formation of hydroxyurethanes that can be taken into account as a unique reaction. This specific reaction has been investigated over last few years. Most chemists have been strongly attracted by this technique that is due to its potential application to prepare the green, non-toxic, non-sensitive towards moisture isocyanate free polyurethanes. This review is focused on the variety of catalysts used to prepare isocyanate free polyurethanes from five membered cyclic polycarbonates. Also, the reaction mechanism and kinetics for their synthesis have been discussed. In this review, the six-membered cyclic carbonates depicted the higher reactivity rather than five-membered cyclic carbonates for production of non-isocyanate polyurethanes. The various functions of isocyanate free polyurethanes in different fields such as coatings, construction and bio-composites have been summarized.

Bangladesh is one of the densely populated countries which recently graduated to lower-middle income country in the world. A number of donor-funded nongovernment organizations are working at grassroots for socioeconomic development since long. This article aims to diffuse major learning of project-led civic groups at grassroots level. It describes about engagement between state guardians and grassroots civil society in Bangladesh. A mixed method, applying both qualitative and quantitative methodologies was adopted to conduct fieldwork. A total of 130 respondents from civil society groups were surveyed for data collection. This paper finds that, by project interventions, citizens of remote coastal areas involved Members of Parliament (MPs), ministry, media and key actors through research, interactive policy dialogue, and networking. They have interest and significant knowledge about lives & livelihoods and promoting public policy. However, organizational sustainability of such civil society groups is fragile in nature due to short duration and stereotype guidance from project. This paper concludes that project initiated civil society literally failed to achieve its main advocacy goal, that is, to promote agreed coastal policy though it improves visionary zeal and capacity among citizens. Short duration of project and political unrest are major hindering factors for institutional sustainability of grassroots civil society.

The inferior quality of education that African American children receive leads to perpetual economic inequality and lack of political power to change it. There is a dimension of European colonialism in the American educational ethos. The non-recognition of the culture of African American children in main stream psychology and education practice constitutes ethnocentrism. African American culture is overridden, ostensibly to impart efficient "mainstream" education. But the process creates alienation and disconnection from the school and academic pursuits for many African American learners. The goal is to impart the same excellent out comes to all children but to find away to do it within the context of their culture and learning styles. The task for urban educators is to describe the achievement gap; delineate the causes of the achievement gap; and develop strategies to eliminate the achievement gap. Urban educators are called upon to address the dynamic character of urban life offering pedagogy that is sensitive to the special experiences, conditions and opportunities presented by a culturally diverse student body. Urban education calls for a commitment to excellence in education, inclusion and social justice.

Oral Cancer is a wound that do not heal is a complex disease consists of heterogeneous tissue in their tumor microenvironment. Oral cancer accounts eighth most Common Cancer worldwide. Chronic inflammatory mediators released from immune cells in tumor microenvironment of oral cancer such as macrophages, T lymphocytes, dendritic cells ,Natural killer cells release cytokines, Chemokine’s and growth factors helps in generation of myeloid derived suppressor cells. Myeloid derived suppressor cells are derived from myeloid progenitor cells of bone marrow secretes inflammatory mediators iNOS, arginase-1, PGE2,IL-10 and IL-4 suppresses adaptive and innate immunity by interacting with macrophages ,T-cells, Natural killer cells and dendritic cells favours pro-tumoral activity by activating transcriptional factors (NF-KB,STAT -3,HIF) further progress in to oral cancer. Myeloid derived suppressor cells reduces T cell activation and function by Arginase-1, iNOS, peroxynitrate over expression and cysteine depletion. This article describes mainly about immune cells in tumor microenvironment especially macrophages, T lymphocytes, dendritic cells, Natural killer cells their interactions with myeloid derived suppressor cells.

This survey sought to find out the state of polit communication among West African parliamentarians in view of the expanded mediality that newer digital channels like social media, the internet and mobile telecommunication tools are bringing to the political landscape in addition to traditional political channels of party politics, rallies, meetings, constituency visits and traditional media like television, radio and newspapers. The study had deliberately focused on the three core parliamentary functions; lawmaking, representation and oversight, asking key questions under each function to delineate the views and practices of legislators in using media channels. Findings from this study show that although there is a remarkable improvement in acquisition of tools, legislators are reticent in deploying the full powers of new channels in interaction with citizens, preferring traditional channels like television and radio in activity propagation and political meetings and constituency visits to newer tools like e-petition, e-consultation, blogging, personalwebsites, e-polling and other forums. However there are evidences of rising Facebook use and intensive use of telephony and text messages in communicating with constituents. There are also evidences of the increased use of emails and internet research in gathering information for lawmaking.

Information is the backbone of every business organization. It is, therefore, essential to a company’s health. However, it is easily taken for granted until its import is missing. Records and information management (RIM) exists to prevent that from happening, but when filing systems are overdue for a time –up, critical data is most vulnerable. A poor filing system is a problem which might easily elude an organization unless internal operations have already begun to unravel it. The consequences of missing records and duplicate data are severe enough to impact business performance, and there are legal and financial implications as well as security concerns. This paper attempts to describe a way to create a good system for organizing, maintaining, and backing up files and folders on a personal computer. Furthermore, the paper examines modern methodology through computer based applications. While there are a number of ways to accomplish this task, the paper attempts to provide some guidelines and directions for creating a system that works best for the type of information being organized. Additionally, this paper examines the definition of filing as well as the important role filing plays in the day-to-day operations of an organization. Furthermore, by conducting research into six Universities in Ghana, the paper assesses the impact of filing on Methodist University College Ghana and University of Ghana, in Greater Accra Region, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology in Ashanti Region, Catholic University College in Brong Ahafo Region, University of Mines in Western Region, and University of Education Winneba, in Central Region. It identifies some weakness or common mistakes with filing system used at the tertiary institutions mentioned above, the importance of filing in general, the consequences poor filing system would have on the corporate image of a tertiary institution. Subsequently, the paper aims at the discussions of the challenges of filing and

This study examines the National Rebirth Programme with a view to determine the extent to which it has affected the attitude and behaviour patterns of Nigerians with special emphasis on Akwa Ibom State civil servants. The study’s objectives were to investigate the impact of the National Rebirth Programme on the moral character of civil service employees in Akwa Ibom State, to find out whether the programme has engendered efficiency in service delivery in the state civil service and to recommend ways of making the programme more responsive, effective and relevant. The study adopted the qualitative and quantitative research methods and utilized data from both the primary and secondary sources which were analyzed within the context of structural functional theory. The findings of the study revealed that prior to the commencement of Obasanjo’s administration in 1999, Nigerian civil/public service was plagued by moral decadence, inefficiency and poor attitude to work. Moreover, the study revealed that the civil service that was supposed to be the engine room of the system was not spared as vices such as corruption, indiscipline, and other related parochial considerations became prevalent in place of meritocracy, diligence and accountability. Our analysis revealed that the National Rebirth Programme have had a positive impact on the moral character, ethical behaviour and general attitude of Akwa Ibom State civil servants as it has engendered a reduction in the level of corruption, discipline and increased work commitment in the civil service. The study noted, however, that a greater proportion of civil servants are still influenced by certain negative forces within the larger society. Consequently, the study recommended among others, that government should make civic education compulsory to all civil servants in order to help in inculcating the right values and ideals in the citizenry, while earnest effort should be made to address the poor conditions of service thus