African goats could be grouped in to three main families: the Dwarf goats of West and Central Africa, the Savannah goats of Sub-Saharan Africa and the Nubian type goats of North Africa. The parents of the Nubian goats came from Asia. It is assumed that the first wave of goats entered Ethiopia from the north between 2000 and 3000 B.C. In sub- Saharan Africa, indigenous breeds of sheep and goats are very important, in fact more important than cattle for the smallscale farmers since they are easier to acquire and to maintain. Goat breeds found in Ethiopia have been identified and classified based on their differences in physical characteristics and genetic make-up. The physical characteristics include body color, size and shape of body parts, and presence or absence of body parts. Few physical features can be used to identify major groups of breeds. Identification and classification of breeds based on physical characteristics can be supported by advanced tools. The majority of Ethiopian goat population is found in large flocks in the arid and semiarid lowlands where pastoralists in the South, East, and West keep them for milk and meat production and for sale. Goats in the highlands are widely distributed in the crop-livestock production systems with very small flock sizes as a means of cash earnings and meat. Phenotypic characterization refers to the morphological descriptions of farm An GR only. It is an essential, initial step in breed identification. The classical description of breeds using the phenotype is based upon morphological characters such as coat color, horn, tails, body measurements and other specific visible traits. Phenotypic relationships, based upon the comparison of morphological characters, are used to estimate variations within breeds and distances between breeds, and are used to describe them in terms of the frequency of the most typical characteristics.

Introduction: Enuresis is a public health issue, especially in the tropical areas and sometimes leads to dehumanizing and humiliating practices. Various etiologies can explain the occurrence of enuresis of teenagers and adults, especially epilepsy. Materials and Methods: We have carried out a prospective study on enuresis and epilepsy in Togo. After the phase of recruiting enuresis and epilepsy patients at CHU- SO, an investigation phase followed in three main cultural areas in Togo and focused on three groups of people: the custodians of collective knowledge, the general population (120) and the medical staff (225). Open-ended questions were about the knowledge and the behaviors in case of enuresis as the only symptom of epilepsy. Results: Enuresis is not considered like a manifestation of epilepsy in most subjects interviewed. This poor knowledge epilepsy seems to explain the relative tolerance in patients with enuresis within the society. But some attitudes and practices in the case of enuresis reveal risks of "social death" just like in non-treated epileptic subjects. On the other hand, adult subjects with enuresis revealed attitudes and practices that are conducive to care for the patients with enuresis and epilepsy.

Dredging of the river to remove macrophytic vegetation and bottom sediment is a common anthropogenic disturbance in the river ecosystem that directly and indirectly influences benthic invertebrates, including molluscs. We assessed the effect of dredging on malacofauna during the year following such an intervention on the river KrÄ…piel (NW Poland) and describe the process of gradual recolonization of the dredged parts by gastropods and bivalves as well as its possible sources. Molluscs were adversely impacted immediately after the dredging: relative abundance of rheophilic and species typical of stagnant water or slow-flowing rivers changed and the overall species richness decreased. The fauna recovered to its pre-management state within a year. The BACI analysis showed no long-term effect of the intervention on the total abundance and diversity of the molluscs. As many as 17 mollusc species, among them Unio crassus, were present in the river before and after the dredging. An additional 12 taxa were noted for the first time following dredging indicating that the removal of deoxygenated sediments from the channel provided an opportunity for the establishment of more diverse mollusc assemblages. Habitat preferences, mobility, and life cycle characteristics of species determine how they survive disturbances and how fast they are able to recolonize the managed sites.

This paper investigates the most and the least frequently used vocabulary learning strategies (VLSs) among Saudi undergraduate learners, in Najran University, Saudi Arabia. It forms part of a larger study investigating the different uses of VLSs and how they are perceived by Saudi learners studying a range of different majors. The sample consisted of 158 male and female students, who were asked to report their uses of the seventy-five VLSs (which were divided into 12 dimensions) using a five-point Likert scale in which 1 represents “never”, 2 represents “rarely”, 3 represents “sometimes”, 4 represents “often”, and 5 represents “always”. A questionnaire was used for the purpose of collecting the data, which were subsequently computed and analysed using descriptive statistics. This involved calculating the overall means of all dimensions and ranking them in order, as well as giving the mean values for the most and least used VLSs in order. The results indicated that, in certain situations, learners tend to focus more on the meaning of words in L1 than in L2. This is the case, for example, when students use a dictionary to look up the meaning of a new word, when they ask teachers or classmates about the L1 equivalent of an English word, and when they are writing down new L2 words with their L1 translations. The least frequently used strategies were those that require higher order thinking skills, such as “organizing words by meaning group”. Moreover, the most frequently used dimension was “reasons for note taking strategies”, while the least frequently used dimension was “ways of organizing notes taken”.

Tate Pairings on Elliptic curve Cryptography are important because they can be used to build efficient Identity-Based Cryptosystems, as well as their implementation essentially determines the efficiency of cryptosystems. In this work, we propose an identity-based encryption based on Tate Pairing on an elliptic curve. The scheme was chosen cipher text security in the random oracle model assuming a variant of computational problem Diff Hellman. This paper provides precise definitions to encryption schemes based on identity, it studies the construction of the underlying ground field, their extension to enhance the finite field arithmetic and presents a technique to accelerate the time feeding in Tate pairing algorithm.

This article is an overview of a current multimodal biometrics research based on fingerprint and palm-print. It explains the pervious study for each modal separately and its fusion technique with another biometric modal. The basic biometric system consists of four stages: firstly, the sensor which is used for enrolment & recognition the biometrics data. Secondly, the pre-processing stage which includes the enhancement and segmentation of Region-Of-Interest ROI. Thirdly, features extracted from the output of the preprocessing and each modal of biometrics having different type of features. Fourthly, the matching stage is to compare the acquired feature with the template in the database. Finally, the database which stores the features for the matching stags. Multimodal is being gathered of various types of biometrics objects from the same human. In this paper, the biometric system gives an explanation for each model. Also, the modalities of biometrics are discussed as well as focused on two different modalities: fingerprint and Palm-Print.

A very high gain two stage CMOS operational amplifier has been presented. The proposed circuit is implemented in 180nm CMOS technology with a supply voltage of ±0.65V. The current source in the OPAMP is replaced by a square root based current generator which helps to reduce the impact of process variations on the circuit and low power consumption due to the operation of MOS in subthreshold region. So with the help of square root based current generator the better controllability over gain can be obtained. The proposed opamp shows a high gain of 121.9dB and low power consumption of 11.89uW is achieved.

Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is a viral disease of Ungulates; both Artiodactyla and Perissodactyla. The mortality rates are low in adult animals but it affects milk yield and international trade. In endemic countries, diagnosis can be based on clinical signs. But these are shared by other vesicular diseases, so a laboratory is needed to confirm the disease. In Uganda the commonly used assays for the laboratory diagnosis of FMD are NSP ELISA and RT-PCR. Serology using ELISA techniques may fail to distinguish between vaccinated and new infection so compromising its sensitivity. The gel passed PCR is involves a lot of advance sample treatment increasing errors due to carry over which also compromises its sensitivity. This work reports comparative the detection of foot-and-mouth virus by NSP ELISA and RT-PCR with real time PCR which was taken as the gold standard. The assays were compared in terms of sensitivity, specificity and disease prevalence and likelihood ratios. A total of 176 cattle were used from which samples that included epithelial tissues (17.05%) and oral swabs (84.09%) were collected from outbreak cases in Eastern Districts of Mbale and Budaka. These were used for molecular assays of real time PCR and Conventional PCR using primers and probes targeting the 3D pol gene. The corresponding sera from all the 176 cattle (100%) were used for NSP ELISA using the Prio CHECK®FMDV NSELISA kit. The sensitivities and specificities of conventional PCR and NSP ELISA were compared with real-time PCR taken as the gold standard. The RT PCR and NSP ELISA had sensitivities of 100.00% (95% CI=86.77% - 100.00%) and 37.50% (95% CI=29.92% - 49.04%) respectively. However, NSP ELISA was more specific than with a RT PCR with sensitivities of 95.83% (95% CI= 89.67% - 98.85%) and 94.67% (95%CI=89.76% - 97.67%) respectively. The kappa value for diagnostic agreement between real time PCR and RT PCR was 0.84 (95% CI = 0.733 – 0.947) at a standard error (SE) of 0.055 showing a very

Now more than ever before data integration has become a very important issue because of the problems associated with heterogeneous geospatial data. It is almost impossible to handle heterogeneous data in a coherent manner because different data sets have different methods of acquisition, different representations, different resolutions and quality, and are based on different data models. Analysis of different data sets becomes difficult and data sharing almost impossible. Germany successfully integrated their topographic, cadastral, and geodetic data sets into a single application schema called the AAA data model. This ensured standardization and the elimination of redundancies leading to coherent analyses and data sharing. In Nigeria, the national mapping agency is the custodian of topographic and geodetic data sets while cadastral data sets are the responsibilities of the various state governments as stipulated in the Nigeria Land Use Act. There is no harmonized system of spatial data management, leading to difficulties in data sharing and other related problems. The goal for Nigeria is to achieve integration which will allow for the exchange of data stemming from different sources, different representations and structures, and thus establish the base for performing combined, integrated analyses, leading to the development of a national spatial data infrastructure which is a sine qua non for sustainable national development and good governance. This paper examines the possibility or viability of the integration of Nigerian cadastral and topographic data sets based on the German AAA data model. The paper also highlights the immense contribution such integration can make to the management of geospatial information in Nigeria. It concludes by challenging the Office of the Surveyor-General of the Federation (OSGOF) to be the catalyst for achieving integration of these fundamental data sets.

The causal agent for hepatitis B is called hepatitis B virus (HBV). It is a partially double stranded circular DNA virus of the family Hepadnaviridae. It has been implicated as the leading cause of hepatocellular carcinoma and only second to tobacco among the global human carcinogens. Liver damage as a result of HBV infection is due to host immune response and is modulate by cytokines. The HBV is classified into 10 genotype denoted as A, B, C, D, E, F, G, H, I and J together with several sub-genotypes which have diverse geographical distribution. These genotypes influence liver disease progression and severity as well as response to antiviral therapies. Mutations in the S-gene have been implicated in the paradoxical coexistence of HBsAg and the anti-HBs antibodies which is associated with advanced liver diseases including hepatocellular carcinoma and liver cirrhosis. Management of HBV is by using antiviral therapy but there is no treatment that can cure HBV. Therefore the practical alternative is vaccination but this is genotype specific. It therefore absolutely necessary to match vaccine strains with field strains. Success on this subject is contingent upon accurate diagnosis and routine genotyping. The concept paper also explicates the need for more elucidation of cytokine profiles in HBV virus infection since liver disease progression is cytokine modulated especially in the scenario where mutations are common yet they influence cytokine profiles.