The identification of the modulation type of an arbitrary noisy signal is necessary in various applications including signal confirmation, interference identification, spectrum management, electronic support systems in warfare, electronic counter-counter measures etc. In this paper a novel classification scheme based on the variance of instantaneous frequency is proposed to discriminate between noisy M-ary Phase Shift Keyed (MPSK) and M-ary Frequency Shift Keyed (MFSK) signals. In the proposed method, the received signal is passed through a pair of band pass filters and the ratio of variances of instantaneous frequency of the filter outputs is used as a decision statistic. Analytic expressions are developed for the decision statistic. These expressions show that a high degree of discrimination is possible between PSK and FSK signals even at a carrier-to-noise ratio (CNR) of 0 dB. Simulation studies have been carried out and the theoretical predictions are validated.

The researcher investigated the extent of involvement in Cybercrime activities among students’ in tertiary institutions in Enugu state of Nigeria using cross sectional survey design. Questionnaires were used for data collection. A sample of 175 students was drawn from a population of 18,340 final year students in higher institutions in Enugu State using cluster sampling procedure. The instrument contains 12 items with 4 point scale of Most-times, Sometimes, Seldom and Never. The findings showed that students of higher institutions in Enugu state are involved in cybercrime. It also showed that students’ involvement in cybercrime is dependent on gender and Institution type. The implication of the finding for knowledge and development is that the present level of students’ involvement in cybercrime has a negative effect on the value of education and by extension, has lead to the setback in economic development of the State. It was recommended that government should empower the law enforcement agencies to checkmate and deal with perpetrators of cybercrime.

Barro and Sala-i-Martin (2004) analyzed the empirical determinants of growth. They used a cross-sectional empirical framework that considered growth from two kinds of factors, initial levels of steady-state variables and control variables (e.g., investment ratio, infrastructure). Recent literature suggests that GMM estimation of dynamic panel data models produce more efficient and consistent estimates than OLS (ordinary least squares) or pooled regression models. Following Cellini (1995), we also consider co-integration and error-correction methods for the growth regression. We extend the previous research for Asian countries of Kim (2009) to developed countries. Following the implications of semi-endogenous growth theory, we regressed output growth on a constant, one-year lagged output (initial income) and the determinants of steady-state income [investment rate, population growth, the quadratic (or linear) function of R&D intensity]. The regression suggests faster significant convergence. This contradicts with that of MRW (1992), which asserts the speed is lower when considering broad concept of capital including human capital. The coefficients for the determinants of steady-state income, especially for the quadratic function of R&D intensity, are significant and occur in the expected direction. Our results suggests that adopting appropriate growth policy, an economy can grow more rapidly through transition dynamics or changing fundamentals.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the correlate of psychosocial factors on marital satisfaction among public servant in Cross River State, Nigeria. To achieve the aim of this study psychosocial factors was formed in a lack of affection which lead to depression and low sexual activities or conflict between couples; affecting their marital relationship in the lack of communication, time spent together and on issues of child-rearing. Base on this two null hypotheses were formulated – whether psychological factors (depression, affection and sexual activities) has any relationship to marital satisfaction and if there is any significant relationship between social factors (number of children, communication and time spent together) and marital satisfaction. Literature review was carried out accordingly. Ex-post facto research was adopted for the study. The selection was done through the stratified and simple random sampling techniques. Questionnaire was the main instrument for data collection. Pearson product moment correlation analysis was adopted to test the hypotheses under study at 0.05 level of significance. The results revealed that marital satisfaction among public servants was significantly high. Hence, there was a significant relationship between psychological and social factors on marital satisfaction. Based on the results it was recommended that marriage seminars, workshops and conferences should be organized for public servants on marriage issues and marital life.

Several evidences in the developing world argued that access to finance can help to substantially reduce poverty. Contrarily, proponents criticized that MC does not reach the poorest of the poor or that the poorest are deliberately excluded from the MC programs. Despite the apparent success and popularity of microfinance, no clear evidence yet exists that microfinance programs have positive impacts on the life of the poor. The main aim of this study is therefore, to assess the relative economic contributions made through the CBMFIs and SACCOs. The study applied DID approaches comprising of the FE and RE models and the t test statistics taken part from analysis of varying crosssectional and panel data collected through Questionnaires and structured interview. To fulfill the stated research objectives, the researcher considered the income levels of individuals, of households and of businesses, as well as savings levels, expenditure, and asset accumulation as outcome indicators. MC services were found to have positive and significant impact on the living standard of the poor and alleviating poverty in their household. Apparently, the SD estimates indicate that both MC modalities have brought substantial impact on the average monthly households income and expenditure, savings and assets level, business profits and working capital. Accordingly, each birr MC grant could generate 92.24 and 54.17 birr extra household assets for the client and member beneficiaries respectively. The log specifications reveal 3.3 and 1.3 percent growth respectively. The household monthly income and expenditure grows on average by 116 and 70 birr respectively. The result was slightly lower for the SACCO members. For instance, the average monthly household assets, income and expenditure growth contributed by the CBMFI reveal 40 birr, 120 birr and 48 birr higher than the SACCOs contributions respectively. In general, the DID estimates reveal a general tendency for higher economic contributions ma

The object of the present paper is to study non-invariant Hypersurfaces of 𝛿𝛿− Lorentzian trans-Sasakian Manifolds equipped with (f; g; u; v; )− structure and some properties obeyed by this structure are obtained also. The necessary and sufficient conditions have been otained for totally umbilical non-invariant hypersurfaces with ( f; g; u; v; ) −structure of 𝛿𝛿−Lorentzian trans- Sasakian Manifold to be totally geodesic.

This study examined the relationship and causality that exist between remittance inflows and monetary aggregates, interest rate, exchange rate, and the domestic price level in Nigeria. The Johansen co-integration and the Granger causality techniques were employed. The Johansen co-integration test indicated that long run relationship among the variables. The Granger causality test results revealeda unidirectional causality running from money supply (LM2) to remittances (LREM) only at lag one and not in the reverse. In other lags, there was no evidence of causality between the duos. The results also showed that, consistently from lag one to lag five, causality run from exchange rate (LEXR) to LREM and not in reverse direction. Unidirectional causality run from interest rate (INT) to LREM, occurring from lag one to lag four. There was no evidence of causality in any direction between inflation rate (INF) and LREM within these lags. We also found that causality run from exchange rate (LEXR) to money supply (LM2) only at lags one and four and not in the reverse order.

In the present study, Sequential Probability Ratio Test (SPRT) is developed for the scale parameter of Nakagami Distribution and the robustness of scale parameter is studied when the shape parameter has undergone a change, for testing the hypothesis regarding the parameter of Nakagami Distribution. The expression for the Operating Characteristic (OC) and Average Sample Number (ASN) functions are derived and the results are presented through Graphs and Tables.

The objective of this studies is to measure the competitive structure of the Islamic and conventional banks in the MENA region and its determinants. For this, firstly (1) we will use the measuring of the contestability ratios, then (2), we will estimate the model Panzar & Ross (1987). The results show similar changes in two different measures of competition. The banks category analysis revealed that conventional banks are more efficient than Islamic banks. Despite technological changes experienced by the banking system in the MENA region, the analysis of bank competition shows that the concentration of banks in the MENA region is sensitive to variables such as crisis, deposits, capitalization and including variables related to business lines.

Aim: The aim of the study was to assess the Knowledge, Attitude and Practices regarding consumption of carbonated drinks among school children, of different socio-economic group. Material and Method: 350 students in the age group (8-17 yrs.) were included in the study, divided into two groups based upon their socio-economic status. Self-structured objective type questionnaire containing 11 questions, were prepared and distributed. Stastical Analysis Used: The data was analysed statistically using Pearson Chi-Squares test. Results: Children of upper income group had more knowledge regarding ill effects of beverages as compared to lower income group (p<0.05). Beverages were more popular among upper income whereas milk was favorite among lower income group (p<0.001). In upper income group taste was the most influencing factor for the choice of the drink whereas in lower income friends and family were (p<0.001).