India, with a large and growing population and a diverse raw material base, plays a pivotal role in global demand and supply of food products (Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) 2012). India is the second largest producer of fruits and vegetables in the world after China, producing around 180 million tons per year. Despite these advantages, the food processing sector faces several supply-side constraints and regulatory barriers. Only 7 per cent of the total Indian perishable produce is processed, which is extremely low compared to countries such as the United States (US, 65 per cent), Philippines (78 per cent) and China (23 per cent). Official estimates show that about 25-30 per cent of this produce goes waste between harvest and consumption (Chari and Raghavan 2012) due to lack of proper cold storage facilities (Parfitt et. al. 2010). India is not the only country where there is a large wastage. According to an estimate by the FAO roughly one-third of food produced for human consumption is lost or wasted in the supply chain globally, which amounts to about 1.3 billion tons per year (FAO 2011). Considering that by 2050 global population of around nine billion people has to be fed, it is important to minimize food wastages particularly in large food producing nations like India. Existing studies show that investment and technology spillovers in the entire food supply chain (from farm to fork) from foreign firms can help to improve the efficiency and reduce wastage of agriculture commodities (Chari and Raghavan 2012, Mukherjee et. al. 2014). This paper looks at present state of India’s food supply chain, applicable regulations in the food sector, the barriers that exist and the scope for foreign investments in the food supply chain with the view of improving it. The barriers, opportunities and the go-to-market strategy highlighted in this paper are based on evidence collected during in-depth interviews with industry and policymakers in the sector.

The main contribution of this paper is an exact common sub expression elimination algorithm for the optimum sharing of partial terms in multiple constant multiplications (MCMs).Although many efficient high-level algorithms have been proposed for the realization of Multiple Constant Multiplications (MCM) using the fewest number of addition and subtraction operations, they do not consider the low-level implementation issues that directly affect the area, delay, and power dissipation of the MCM design. It is found that the proposed LUT-based multiplier involves comparable area and time complexity for a word size of 8 bits, but for higher word sizes, it involves significantly less area and less multiplication time than the canonical-signed-digit (CSD)-based multipliers we have proposed the anti symmetric product coding (APC) and odd-multiple-storage (OMS) techniques for lookup-table (LUT) design for memory-based multipliers to be used in digital signal processing applications. It was observed that the proposed algorithm obtains better solutions in terms of area than the algorithms designed for the MCM problem and the optimization of area problem in a digit-serial MCM operation at gate-level.

The aim of the present work was to isolate antagonist cultures in order to use them in biopreservation. LAB were isolated from Algerian meat and characterized at the genus level based on phenotypic characteristics. That following these spot agar test was achieved to assess their potential antagonistic towards pathogens: Bacillus cereus, Bacillus subtilis ATCC6633, Escherichia coli ATCC8739, Salmonella Typhimurium ATCC14028, Staphylococcus aureus ATCC6538, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Biochemical tests had ended this study to characterize the potent isolates at the spice level. As a results, thirty LAB had been differentiated to: 53% belong to Lactobacillus or Lactobacillus-like; 23% to Pediococcus; 20% to Lactococcus or Vagococcus; and 4% to Streptococcus. The antagonist test had observed activity of five isolates against only St. aureus with inhibition zone ranging from 0.58 to 5.16 mm. The five potent isolates vary mainly by the fermentation of: raffinose, sorbitol, dulcitol, l’esculine and D-mannitol, thus one had been identified as Lactobacillus sakei and four as Pediococcusspp.. This work showed our isolates as potential inhibitors to the growth of pathogens, suggesting the possibility to improve the hygienic quality of meat.

Mutagenesis has been exploited to enhance genetic variability in cowpea (Vigna unquiculata L. Walp.); an important legume in the tropical and subtropical regions of the world. Mutation is regarded to be a shortcut breeding technique, which has produced new and high yielding varieties through heritable changes in genetic constitution of characters in some leguminous crops. Effects of 0.1% aqueous solution of colchicine for different periods of time, viz; - 0, 2, 4 and 6 hours were tested on the quantitative and yield characters of a cowpea variety popularly known as ‘Oloyin’ in M1 generation. Lethal dose value (LD40) of 59% was observed at 2 hours treatment. Treatment was significant (P = 0.05) for seedling emergence percentage (67 – 13%), plant height (21.52 – 15.63 cm), number of leaves (11.08 – 4.98), number of nodes on main stem (6.26 - 4.5), survival percentage (63.50 – 12.50%) and number of days to first flowering (55.52 – 47.30) while treatment was not significant for all other characters studied. The results revealed that colchicine can be used to induce variations in cowpea which may be of agronomic importance in the production of this crop.

In this paper, the problem of multiple-response in stratified sample surveys has been formulated as a multi-objective geometric programming problem (MOGPP). The fuzzy programming is described for solving the formulated MOGPP. The formulated MOGPP has been solved by Lingo software and the dual solution is obtained. Subsequently with the help of dual solution of formulated MOGPP and the primal-dual relationship theorem the optimum allocations of multiple-response are obtained. A numerical example is given to illustrate the procedure.

Deforestation has a negative impact on the immediate environment and on the global scale, climate change. This paper is aimed at assessing the effect of deforestation to temperature and invariably on climate change in Nigeria. It discussed the rates of deforestation in Nigeria and globally; climate change in Nigeria; impact of extreme weather events in Nigeria; the effect of deforestation with respect to temperature change; the greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions attributed to deforestation in Nigeria; the obvious relationship between deforestation, temperature and climate change; and the mitigate measures to deforestation nationally and globally. The research considered an extended Eighty years period for this work because it capture the period when climate change signals were not an issue (1901-1938) and when they are stronger (1971-2012).

Building high performance computer systems requires an understanding of the behaviour of systems and what makes them fast or slow. In addition to our file system performance analysis, we have a number of projects in measuring, evaluating, and understanding system performances. The conventional methodology for system performance measurement, which relies primarily on throughput-sensitive benchmarks and throughput metrics, has major limitations when analyzing the behaviour and performance of interactive workloads. The increasingly interactive character of personal computing demands new ways of measuring and analyzing system performance. In this paper, we present a combination of measurement techniques and benchmark methodologies that address these problems. We use some simple methods for making direct and precise measurements of event handling latency in the context of a realistic interactive application. We analyze how results from such measurements can be used to understand the detailed behaviour of latency-critical events. We demonstrate our techniques in an analysis of the performance of two releases of Windows 9x and Windows XP Professional. Our experience indicates that latency can be measured for a class of interactive workloads, providing a substantial improvement in the accuracy and detail of performance information over measurements based strictly on throughput.

Either general or regional anesthesia can be used for spine surgery. Spine surgery involves acomplex procedure. The aim of a spine surgeon for doing a good surgery requires a clear and bloodless field especially in procedures done under microscope. As the working space is less a small epidural bleed can cause further complications in surgery. Another aspect is to take care of post operative analgesia which is better achieved with regional anaesthesia. Regional anaesthesiahas many benefits, namely less time, lower incidence of nausea and vomiting ,general hazards of general anaesthesia can be avoided and cost effectiveness. This article reviews effect of regional anaesthesia on lumbar spine surgery.

In this paper, we have implemented cluster based novel multihop stable election protocol extended (MSEP-E) which does multihop communication between CHs and sensor nodes towards the sink. The sensor nodes and CHs which are nearer to sink send data directly to the sink while the nodes which are farther from the sink send data to its nearest hop towards the sink. Multihop communication is often required when communication range of sensor nodes is limited or number of sensor nodes is very large in the network. Evaluation and comparison reveals that MSEP-E protocol utilizes less power and attain greater network lifetime compared to stable election protocol extended (SEP-E).

This research paper investigates the impact of social networking sites on the hospitality and tourism industries. A social networking site is a type of social media that provides a platform for people to connect with each other. Social networking is so versatile that it can be used for both leisure and business purposes. In the hospitality and tourism industry, social networking sites are one of the essential tools that play an important and beneficial role. Content on social networking sites could affect the marketing in both positive and negative ways. The topic that will be discussed in this research paper are consumer behavior, connection with consumers, effectiveness in terms of time and cost, creating brand awareness and building the image of the company, promoting company, targeting consumers, and finally, the disadvantages.