In Data mining and Knowledge Discovery hidden and valuable knowledge from the data sources is discovered. The traditional algorithms used for knowledge discovery are bottle necked due to wide range of data sources availability. Class imbalance is a one of the problem arises due to data source which provide unequal class i.e. examples of one class in a training data set vastly outnumber examples of the other class(es). Researchers have rigorously studied several techniques to alleviate the problem of class imbalance, including resampling algorithms, and feature selection approaches to this problem. In this paper, we present a new hybrid frame work dubbed as Majority Under-sampling based on Cluster Disjunct (MAJOR_CD) for learning from skewed training data. This algorithm provides a simpler and faster alternative by using cluster disjunct concept. We conduct experiments using twelve UCI data sets from various application domains using five algorithms for comparison on six evaluation metrics. The empirical study suggests that MAJOR_CD have been believed to be effective in addressing the class imbalance problem.

Kernel methods are gaining popularity in image processing applications. The accuracy of feature extraction and classification on image data for a given application is greatly influenced by the choice of kernel function and its associated parameters. As on today there existing no formal methods for selecting the kernel parameters. The objective of the paper is to apply machine learning techniques to arrive at suitable kernel parameters and improvise the accuracy of kernel based object classification problem. The graph cut method with Radial Basis function (RBF) is employed for image segmentation, by energy minimization technique. The region parameters are extracted and applied to machine learning algorithm along with RBF’s parameters. The region is classified to be man made or natural by the algorithm. Upon each iteration using supervised learning method the kernel parameters are adjusted to improve accuracy of classification. Simulation results based on Matlab are verified for Manmade classification for different sets of Synthetic Aperture RADAR (SAR) Images.

On-farm intervention strategies based on feeding and general management practice including hygiene and sanitation towards on the reduction of occurrence of external and gastrointestinal parasites and sub clinical mastitis on cross breed lactating dairy cows was conducted during the dry season in West Shewa Zone, central Ethiopia. A total of 34 cows in early to mid lactation with an average body weight of 369.29 ±38.58 kg were selected based on parity, milk yield, days in milk, body weight and health status and assigned in to two groups; 17 cows of one group were maintained as farmers’ usual practice (control diet = T0), and the rest 17 were supplemented with urea-molasses multi-nutrient block (UMMB) together with a concentrate mixture (55% wheat bran, 43 % linseed cake and 2% salt) in natural pasture hay based diet under stall feeding condition (intervention diet = T1). Moreover, the udder and associated hygienic condition of cows in T1 group were implemented by farmers as per the advice and follow up of the researchers and veterinarians. The study showed that, the prevalence of gastrointestinal parasites (41.2%), external parasites (ticks) (47.1%) and sub clinical mastitis (47.1%) in the T0 group was significantly (P<0.05) higher compared with cows managed under T1 group. The nematode parasite (strongylus sp) was the only parasite group encountered in both treatment groups. The mean EPG count observed under T0 group was 120.8, which is markedly higher (P<0.05) compared to cows managed in T1 group. This study revealed that the prevalence of external and gastrointestinal parasites as well as sub clinical mastitis was higher in cows kept under T0 than the T1 group. Hence, the improved nutritional intervention along with relative good hygienic and feeding management conditions practiced in T1 group significantly reduced the occurrence of external and gastrointestinal parasites as well as sub clinical mastitis.

The present investigation deals with combustion, emission and performance characteristics of a single cylinder DI diesel engine for biodiesel blends (J10, J20, J30, P10, P20, P30) with the optimum use of EGR system by the formulation of matrix analysis. Compression ratios like 17.5:1, 19:1, 20:1 were varied. The piston was modified by cold metal transfer (CMT) welding with the use of aluminium alloy on the piston bowl of the diesel engine. Tests were performed at different loading conditions and results were obtained. The performance study suggests that BTE was found to be increased with J20 CR20 and slight reduction with J20 CR20 E20 blend compared to diesel. Peak pressure was higher for J20 CR20 conforming better combustion characteristics over other biodiesel blends. Ignition delay were shorter for J20 CR20 and P20 CR20 blends with crank angle varying from 23.4 deg to 10.78 deg for J20 CR20 and 23.4 deg to 10.48 deg for P20 CR20 before TDC. NOx emission was increased with the increase in percentage of biodiesel blends. Significant NOx reduction in biodiesel blends were found with the use of EGR in J20 CR20 EGR20 and P20 CR20 EGR20.

Precise measurement of dielectric characteristics of materials is becoming necessity in several engineering applications. The dielectric constant measurement over wide frequency range for emerging applications such as PCB manufacturing, agriculture, environmental and food processing industries has several challenges. With the advancement in digital VLSI and Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA) based processing the digital techniques for estimating the dielectric constant are feasible. In this context the digital based frequency generation techniques over wide frequency are discussed in this paper. The multi phase Numerically Controlled Oscillator (NCO) based technique for generating high frequency signals are experimented in this paper. The efficient implementation of NCO for Xilinx Zynq family FPGA, XC7Z020 device is simulated here. The realized multi phase NCO is observed to be occupying only 15% of resources and operating at 250MHz to result efficient synthesis of sine wave with sampling frequency of 1GHz. The design issues related to digital carrier generation on FPGAs, while driving high frequency Digital to Analog Converters (DACs) are discussed and simulation results are presented here.

This paper describes the assessment of the competency of students’ information literacy and information fluency in order to obtain the levels of university student competency in Japan. As the results, a significant difference occurred between pre- and post-tests for all courses. The difference indicates that the students’ skill improved through these courses. In addition, although year-to-year differences occurred, no overall trend was seen. For mixed-year courses, no difference occurred in the school year. The result of the investigation about difficult fields for students to understand revealed that students tend not to understand accurate definitions of technical terms and lack net manners regarding sending email. The results will contribute to the course design of an information fluency course in the future.

This paper analyses data on poverty for 1971-2013 periods and finds that, Bangladesh reduces national poverty by 55.82 percent during these periods. Moreover, nearly 44 percent people are found extremely poor who earn less than $1.25 per day and 77 percent people are moderately poor who earn less than $2 per day. Though, absolute income poverty declines but income inequality rises by 30 percent in these periods. However, different international indexes disclose that, Bangladesh also reduces human poverty. Bangladesh is no longer the member of ‘alarmingly hunger countries’ and will become the member of ‘Medium human development countries’ by 2014. Besides, about 58 percent people are found multi-dimensionally poor, who suffer from overlapping deprivations in health, education and standard of living. Finally, this paper makes a comparison between Bangladesh and other south Asian countries and finds that, Bangladesh has the highest level of poverty followed by India in this region

This research work seeks to explore the extent of Target Costing system adoption and implementation by manufacturing industry in South-Western Nigeria and the impact on their performance. In the research work, performance was defined in terms of profitability, Return on Capital Employed and reduction in the cost of production. The study adopted the survey research method, using structured questionnaire to collect data from the sample data group which represents all manufacturing firms in South Western Nigeria listed on the Nigerian Stock Exchange as at 31st December 2013. A total of 282 firms were included in the study. Reliability test with Cronbach’s Alpha of 0.88 was obtained using the ordinary least square and t-test methods. The results showed that the level of adoption and application of target costing by manufacturing industry in South Western Nigeria is low. However, the findings also showed that there is a strong positive relationship between adoption of Target costing and of improvement in Return on Investment and reduction of cost.

Content predicated image retrieval (CBIR) provides an efficacious way to probe the images from the databases. The feature extraction and homogeneous attribute measures are the two key parameters for retrieval performance. A homogeneous attribute measure plays a paramount role in image retrieval. This paper compares six different distance metrics such as Euclidean, Manhattan, Canberra, Bray-Curtis, Square chord, Square chi-squared distances to find the best kindred attribute measure for image retrieval. Utilizing pyramid structured wavelet decomposition, energy levels are calculated. These energy levels are compared by calculating distance between query image and database images utilizing above mentioned seven different kindred attribute metrics. A sizably voluminous image database from Brodatz album is utilized for retrieval purport. Experimental results shows the preponderating of Canberra, Bray-Curtis, Square chord, and Square Chi-squared distances over the conventional Euclidean and Manhattan distances.

In this paper we have evaluate a summation formula involving recurrence relation of Gamma function and contiguous relation.