Despite the efforts of cross-border security agencies like the Nigeria police, customs service, Immigration services, and Nigerian civil Defense etc, Nigeria borders have been described as porous allowing all sorts of cross border or transborder criminal activities such as human trafficking, smuggling, drug trafficking, arm robbery, money laundry and illicit arms trafficking resulting to proliferation of SALW. Thus, West Africa’s regional superpower, Nigeria, continues to face serious security challenges due to cross border or transborder criminal activities. We argue that; one, the spate of cross border criminal activities in West Africa undermines Nigeria’s national security; and two, frequent trans-border crimes in West African sub-region impede Nigeria’s external relations. The focus of this paper therefore is to examine the implications of cross border crimes in West Africa for Nigeria’s national security and external relations. The study is basically a historical research method relying mainly on secondary sources of data from internet sources, official documents and country websites as the method of data collection. In other words, we made use of qualitative-descriptive analysis as our method of data analysis, that is, documentary studies of official document and other materials in analyzing the secondary data. This paper titled “Cross Border Crimes in West African sub-region: Implications for Nigeria’s National Security and External Relations”. The paper is basically a historical research method relying mainly on secondary sources of data from internet sources, official documents and country websites as the method of data collection. We made use of qualitative-descriptive analysis as our method of data analysis, that is, documentary studies of official document and other materials in analyzing the secondary data. The major purpose of embarking on this research is to examine the implications of cross border crimes in West Africa for Nigeria’s

Aims & Objectives: Intestinal Perforations are most common surgical emergencies seen worldwide. Despite improvement in diagnosis, antibiotics, surgical treatments and intensive care support, it is still an important cause of mortality in surgical patients. This study was done to know the spectrum of etiology, clinical presentation, management and treatment outcomes of patients admitted with perforation peritonitis in our hospital. Methods: A prospective study was done over a period of 3 years from January 2011 to December 2013 in SMS medical college and hospital, Jaipur, Rajasthan which included 1400 patients diagnosed with perforation peritonitis. All patients admitted with perforation of gastrointestinal tract were included in this study. All cases of primary peritonitis and anastamotic leaks were excluded from this study. Results: Total of 1400 cases were included with 74.28% being males. The time taken for resuscitation, diagnosis and preparation of patient for surgery was less than 12 hours in 83.4% of cases. Most common symptom with which patient presented was abdominal pain(99%) followed by nausea (92%),vomiting(85%) ,abdominal distension(71%), fever(64%) and altered bowel habit(42%). 12% patients were in shock. Most common site of perforation noted was duodenum(35.8%) followed by ileum(27.6%). Gastroduodenal perforations were mainly caused by Acid peptic disease(93%).Jejunal by blunt trauma abdomen(96%), ileal by typhoid (64%) and tuberculosis(31%) and colonic by malignancy(77%). Primary repair was done in 49.6% cases. 11% cases required resection and anastomosis, 21% required resection without anastomosis and Appendicectomy was done in 18.4% cases. Overall mortality was 7.2%. Conclusion: In contrast to western literature, where lower gastrointestinal tract perforations predominate, upper gastrointestinal tract perforations constitute the majority of cases in India with APD, typhoid and tuberculosis being the commonest causes.

This study examined the relationship between manpower development and organisational effectiveness in AKADEP. It was necessary to carry out this research because despite AKADEP’s decades of existence and sustained funding by Akwa Ibom State Government, the Federal Government of Nigeria, as well as International Donor Organisations (The World Bank, UNDP, and IFAD), there is still manpower gap in AKADEP, basic food items consumed in Akwa Ibom State are sourced externally, prices of food stuffs are on the increase, the poorly trained farmers are hungry and poor which raises concern on the effectiveness of AKADEP – agency established exclusively to provide extension services to farmers. Survey data were collected through simple random sampling of 237 respondents drawn from the eight subprogrammes of AKADEP. Measures of the study were of good quality after assuring reliability and validity. Hypotheses were tested using Pearson’s Product Moment on SPSS. The result of the analysis showed that manpower development in AKADEP is related positively to effectiveness of the organisation. A dependency relationship was also established between adoption of modern farming techniques by small scale farmers and increased farm yield in the study area. Impact of internally arranged training programmes was significant. Farmers and the Local Governments were encouraged to support AKADEP extension officers through provision of transport allowance, mobility or even phone calls to sustain agent’s interest, bridge the missed cycle, and guarantee food sufficiency. The study also recommended the immediate establishment of Resident Extension Officers to reside in each clan within the study area. They are expected to provide on the spot and on-going training to small scale farmers.

Until the first decades of the twentieth century, hagiography was seen with mistrust by historians. Its pious aims and fabulous content made us resistant to include them on the list of reliable documents. The methodological innovations that followed thereafter increased the confidence of historians in it and hagiography has become more and more integrated to the testimonies employed by historical analyses. However a problem about the status of the documentation persisted: the doubt concerning the recognition of the performance of authorial intention in the composition of unsigned narratives that originated themselves from relatively unknown writers or whose content seemed to repeat, without any originality, an earlier tradition. This problem was particularly significant in the treatment historians gave to the most widespread medieval hagiographical work, The Golden Legend. Written in the last third of the 13th century and based on ancient hagiographical material compiled by the Dominican Jacobus de Voragine, the work was an immediate and booming success – with about a thousand Latin manuscripts coming from various regions of Western Christendom. Here we intend to discuss the existence of authorial intention in its composition in a twofold manner. First, we will criticize one of the historiographical trends that, between the 1960s and the 1990s, was most directly responsible for the dissolution of the notion of authorship in medieval documentation: the studies related to popular culture or folklore. Second, we will discuss how Jacobus de Voragine, despite using archaic material that he was mostly limited to copying, was capable of producing new meanings and functions proper to the interests of the then relatively young Order of preachers.

The modern technology providing the sharing of information at very fast rate such as audio, video and images. The sharing of such data also increased as the social networking sites become popular among young generation. Now the online databases of images is so huge having millions of images, and the searching of images we need is crucial task. For such applications various image retrieval methodologies is proposed. In this paper we are proposing very efficient image retrieval technique based on dominant colour features extraction and pattern feature extraction. In the simulation results we have found that from around 6000 images proposed algorithm takes only 1.5 seconds to retrieve results. That is why this approach is significant in terms of retrieval speed.

In order to study the effect of intercalation of LiAl on the cation distribution and properties of Fe2TiO5, the samples are prepared by standard ceramic technique. The single-phase formation of the pseudobrookite is confirmed by XRD technique. The retention of amount and proportion of LiAl in the ceramics is confirmed by ICP technique. The ac and dc resistivity of the ceramic increases considerably whereas the interfacial contribution to the dielectric constant decreases by intercalation of LiAl. The experimental data of relaxation spectra, variation of dielectric constant and resistivity with temperature is analyzed and correlated. The magnetic hysteresis and susceptibility measurement shows that LiAl enhances the long range magnetic ordering. The proposed empirical model determines the cation distribution of the samples using lattice parameters.

Л.с. Голова Афины в аттическом шлеме влево, перед ней дельфин. Изображения глубоко вдавлены и окаймлены высоким ободом. Верхние части их и рельефа с изображением Афины находятся на одном уровне.

Draining cutaneous sinus tracts in the area of face may be caused by chronic dental infections. Misdiagnosis of these cutaneous sinus tracts usually leads to destructive invasive treatment of the skin lesions that is not curative. Diagnosis of the cause may be challenging but is the key to successful therapy. Successful repair depends primarily on removal of etiological factors. This scientific paper aims to present a case, treated successfully & closure of the tract achieved by conventional root canal therapy.

The main aim of the present paper is to evaluate an amazing summation formula involving recurrence relation of Gamma function and contiguous relation.

Before establishing the concept of modern state, border communities have a common identity and culture - based social melieu they inherited. However, after the establishment of borders, collective identity has been divided into a number of national identity in relation to their respective nationalities. For communities in the border, political identity is the identity that is based on different political orientation. Thus, how the community at the frontiers of politically integrated into the national development? What political structure and power relations that bind social cohesion remote communities diperbatasan with national politic? To answer these questions, this study examines the local leadership and power relations in border communities and their role in bringing local communities in developing countries. Source data is through interviews with informants and survey at three locations namely Lubuk Antu, Kg. Mongkos and Teluk Melano is a village on the border of Sarawak (Malaysia) and West Kalimantan (Malaysia).