Carry select adder (CSeLA) is mainly used to alleviate the propagation delay caused by carry bit and upon which sum bit is generated. It produces n+1 sum from n bits. In this Paper, a simple Gate level implementation of regular Carry Select Adder is compared with our proposed work. Based on the comparison made in terms of power, delay and area, it is found that there is considerable reduction in area and power with delay overhead. Both regular and proposed methods are modeled using 180nm CMOS technology. From the results obtained, it is clear that proposed CSeLA is better than regular CSeLA.

The use of crop growth simulation models such as those incorporated into Decision Support System for Agro technology Transfer (DSSAT) are useful tools for assessing the impacts of crop productivity under various management systems. The maize growth model of DSSAT is CERES-Maize. To use it to predict fertilizer recommendation for maize (Zea mays L.) under Guinea savanna agro ecological conditions, data on maize growth, yield and development as well as data on soil and weather were collected from field experiment conducted during the 2010 growing season at Kpalesawgu in Ghana. The model was calibrated using various crop growth and development data observed at the field experiment at Kpalesawgu.Maize variety obatanpa was used in the experiment. The cultivar coefficient was calibrated with data collected from the field experiment. All measured data on phenology, grain yield and biomass from the field experiment were used for model validation and simulations. Validation results showed good agreement between predicted and measured yields with a NRMSE value of 0.181. Highest observed mean harvest maturity yield of 3831and 3795 kg/ha were obtained from plots which received 120-90-60 and 120-60-60 kg/ha N-P2O5-K2O respectively.However, the model under predicted weight per unit grain. The mean difference between observed and simulated by-product produced at maturity and top weight at maturity was significant (P ≤ 0.001).In general, maize yield simulation by DSSAT under Guinea savanna agro-ecological conditions was good. Average predicted harvest maturity yields were very close to measured values with MD of 336.0, RMSE of 498.77, NRSME of 0.181 and simulated and observed mean yields of 3096 and 2750 kg/ha for the entire treatments respectively. The mean difference between predicted and observed was not significant. The highest harvest maturity yield predicted and observed was achieved with 120-90-60 kg/ha N-P2O5-K2O. The predicted and observed average mean yield were 383

While fractionalization had long been debated as one of the devastating economic factors on the African continent, there is much to believe that some important factors are responsible not only for its increasing growth and adverse effects, but also its perpetuation over the continent. This paper asserts that, colonial rule, among others, is to blame for the difficulties involved in dealing with the seemingly invincible effects of linguistic fractionalization and makes a recommendation that could help assuage the situation. The results are robust to alternative specifications including OLS, a simultaneous equation model and a spatial econometric model.

This study assessed the concentration of PM10 and trace metals at six sites with different land uses during the period of one year. Metals concentrations of PM10 were analyzed using ICP-OES. Highest concentrations of PM10were recorded in winter and lower in monsoon at all the study sites. The concentrations of trace metals in PM10 were observed in the following order: Zn > Fe > Cu >Al > Pb > Cr > Mn > Cd > Ni. Overall concentration of PM10 and heavy metals was found highest at industrial sites than the vehicular, commercial and residential sites shows the greater contribution of industrial and combustion process. Univariate (correlation study) and Multivariate statistical analysis were adopted including; factor analysis and enrichment factor analysis to identify the sources and their contribution to PM10. The major source of airborne trace metals identified were brassware industries, illegal e-waste burning automobile emissions and combustion processes.

In the literature, the Exponentially Weighted Moving Average (EWMA) and Exponentially Weighted Moving Variance (EMWV) control schemes have been used separately to monitor the process average and process variability respectively. Here the two are combined and applied on simulated process with different level of variation. The control limit interval (CLI) and the average run length (ARL) were evaluated for the combined chart. The combined chart performed better than the two independently. Furthermore, an algorithm was developed for the two control charts and implemented on visual basic VB6.0. The obtained results show that the combined EWMA and EWMV control chart is very sensitive in detecting shift in production process and every shift in the process mean is always preceded by shift in the process variability.

Marx’stheoryofvaluearoseoutofthebidtounderstandthebasisonwhichgoodswereexchanged.Whatisitthatdeterminesthequantityofaproductthatisexchangedwithanother?How is it that a bag of rice can be exchanged with twobales of cloth or why is it that both products share thesame monetary value? Marx’s theory was a build-up onthe theories of bourgeois classical political economists,notably,AdamSmith,DavidRicardo,etal.wholaiddownthefoundationformoderndayeconomictheoryeconomic theory from their investigations of what exactlydeterminedthevalueofacommodity.ForBarbon(1696:2)“thingshaveanintrinsicvalueandthatthegreatestnumberofthingshavetheirvaluefromsupplyingthewantsofthemind”.OtherslikeRicardoandSmithpositedthattherewardforlabour(wage)determinedpriceofvalueofthecommodity.Locke(1777:280),studyingtheissueoftheconsequencesoflowering interest rates posited that “the natural value ofanything consists in its fitness to supply the necessitiesorservetheconvenienceofhumanlife”.Also,somethought that this ‘value’ seen in exchange was a result ofthe importance of products, what is regarded as its usevalue.‘butthat‘thispropertyofacommunityisindependentoftheamountoflabourrequiredtoappropriate its useful qualities.

The research was carried out on a sample of 256 subjects, 15 year old males, obtained from high school student population; a battery of 35 motor tests was used. In the aim of determining the latent structure manifesting motor space the method of main components was applied and thus the factor scores were define Hotelling, H. (1933). For the purpose of determining the relations between the predictive (the motor dimension space) variables and the criteria-based variable (the entire motor space) the coefficient of regression in a latent space was calculated. Through inspection of the results of regressive coefficients it is concluded that the cohesion between systems of predictors and criteria is mainly heterogeneous. The best projections and thus predictive values include: the repetitive strength factor (RF), the velocity factor (VF), the static strength factor (SF), and the explosive strength factor (EF). It is evident that all these factors belong to reactions that are mostly dependent on the process of regulating excitations that represent the existence of the first factor, that is, the general factor of excitation control. Poorer predictive abilities in terms of motor space have the preciseness factor (PF), the flexibility factor (FF), and the coordination (CF), while the balance factor (BaF) is attributed to the weakest predictive ability. Considering the obtained results, a necessity for applying contemporary methods of research within the scope of motor space is displayed. This requires a new, more contemporary way of researching motor space.

The research was carried out on a sample of 124 subjects, 15-16 year old males. An analysis was performed of the relations of anthropometric body characteristics and overcome resistance in individual motion. Obtained information was submitted for mathematical analysis, the MULTREG program, from the statistical program “STAT – PACK” (Gauss – Jordan, 1954, Cooley – Lohnes, 1962). On the basis of maximum cohesion and regressive coefficients, variables that measured body volume, transversal skeletal dimension and longitudinal skeletal dimension have the highest cohesion with the overcome maximum resistance in individual motion from anthropometric body characteristics. The weakest contribution to predicting resistance lies within the variables that measured subcutaneous adipose tissue. High cohesion of variables of the overcome maximum resistance in individual motion with anthropometric body characteristics indicates that a part of the resistance variable in motion is conditioned by mutable flexible anthropometric values. As the overcome maximum resistance in motion is mainly conditioned by the structure for generating intensity and duration of energy release, thus the anthropometric dimensions, especially in the volume segment, body volume and transversal skeletal dimensionality, present a factor that significantly participates in the realization of motion with increased requirements for overcoming maximum resistance in motion.

ThispaperlooksatthespiritofsocialserviceorsevainfourpopularcontemporaryHinduInspiredFaithMovements(HIFMs)ofIndianoriginnowhavingaglobalpresence.TheseincludeChinmayaMission,VivekanandaKendra, Mata Amritanandamayi Mission and Art of Living. Thecore questions which this paper addresses are: a) how sevaas a mandate originated in these HIFMs b) what in the seva isvolitional,whataretheprescribedaspectsanddoctrinesc)howtangiblesevainitiativesinterfacewithvarioussystemsand d) how seva contributes to institution building through theinterplayofmemoryandobliviondynamicstherebyevolvingthestyleofHIFMs.ThispaperarguesthatsevabecomesapillarofinstitutionbuildingforHIFMs.Itoperationallystemsfrom volition, prescriptivism and doctrinaire propositions givenbytheHIFMs.Thescopeencompassesthecoresocialsectors which then projects the HIFMs assertion/partnership indevelopment goals in a resource limited setting. The styles ofseva go beyond simple instilling/extolling of virtues, but ratherportrayasvanguardsoffulfillingsocialobligationsandperpetuatingthecharismaticteacherandHindubasedmemories.WiththeHinduinspirationasnon-negotiable,theoperationalformcontainscommunitariannotionsofsocialcitizenshipandsocialjustice.Thereisanelementof‘publicgood’ factoring in the HIFMs ideals.

Working capital management is very fundamental to the liquidity and profitability of any organisation and the two variables are vital in evaluating the performance and ultimately deciding the survival of any organisation. This study presents an empirical investigation of the relationship between working capital management and profitability using Nestle Nigeria Plc and Cadbury Nigeria Plc as case studies. The study used correlation and regression analysis to analyse data. Quick ratio was used to measure liquidity, current ratio, trade receivable collection and trade payables payment periods were used as efficiency variables to capture the working capital management policy adopted by these companies while return on equity was used as the profitability variable. Liquidity and efficiency variables were correlated against return on equity. The study found a negative relationship between the liquidity, two of the efficiency ratios and return on equity for Nestle Nigeria Plc while it found a positive relationship between the liquidity, efficiency ratios and return on equity of Cadbury Nigeria Plc. To enhance profitable short-term investments, the study recommends that companies should manage their working capital efficiently by upgrading the quality of their assets while obsolete inventories should be written off.