ThestudyadvancestofindoutthewelfarestatusandpovertysituationofhouseholdsinEasternSenatorialDistrict of Kogi State. Data for the study were collected usingstructuredquestionnaire/interviewscheduleofhouseholds.Three research questions andthree hypotheses were statedforthestudy.TheanalysisofdatawasdonebytheuseofTobitregressionmodelandFroster,Greer,Thorbeck(FGT)povertyanalysis.Thestudydiscoveredthattheageofhouseholdheads,numberofpeoplewithhighereducation,genderdummy,andnumberofhour’shouseholdworkperweekhavepositiveimpactsonhouseholdincomeandaresignificantat5%levelsofsignificance.Thismeansthatasthesevariablesincrease,thehouseholdsincomealsoincreases,leadingtoafallinpovertylevel.Also,itwasdiscoveredthatlocationdummyandnumberofpeoplenoteducatedhavenegativeimpactonhouseholdincomeandstatistically significant at 5% levels of significance. This meansthatthesevariablesincreases,householdincomewillfall,leading to an increase in poverty among the households. Onpoverty situation in Kogi State, it was discovered that povertylevelvarieswithdifferentincomesourceswithfarmincomehaving the highest level of poverty in the area. The study alsorevealedthatignoringfarmincomeasthehighestlevelofincomeamonghouseholdsinthesenatorialDistricthasgreater effect on poverty severity and poverty gap than povertyheadcount. Average poverty for instance increases by 23.3%of those above poverty line. This means that those in povertyare further pushed into poverty when farm income is ignored inpoverty calculations. It equally means that those in poverty arefurtherpushedintopovertywhenfarmincomeisignoredinpoverty calculation. It was also discovered f

Objective: To evaluate the effect of deciduous teeth grinding during mixed dentition, by the control of permanent molars eruption, using contemporary MEA appliance and palatal grid for anterior open-bite treatment. Materials and Methods: The sample consisted of 31 patients with a pre-treatment mean age of 9.09 years. At the time of drawing up this manuscript, 14 patients of the entire sample reach the 3 years follow-up. The occlusal adjustment procedure was performed in centric relation. Every patient was treated in the second phase with fixed arch wires and finally a fixed lower retainer was placed. Pretreatment and posttreatment cephalometric changes were compared with dependent t tests. Results: Superimposition of pre- and post-treatment cephalometric tracings, showed an advancement of A-point and ANS towards an anterior-lower direction. Overbite increased significantly with treatment and caused significant changes in other skeletal and dentoalveolar variables. The dependent t test analysis confirmed the statistical significance of the results showed (t test 0,000137, P< 0.05). After 3 years of follow-up, the sample (n=14) show minimal changes in cephalometric values Conclusion: The selected sample showed a variable skeletal relationship except for a marked anterior open-bite which underwent this treatment procedure. Despite these odds, the findings of this study suggest that openbite treatment with occlusal adjustment provides statistically significant results and clinically good stability over time.

The growing concern of rapid increase in urban population and vehicular growth culminates into emerging of many metropolitan cities. In such areas, spatial distribution of activities warrant, the necessity for travel by appropriate arrangement of sub-systems in tune with the form of urban structure and routes serving it. In Chennai, the present modal split revealed that only 40% of the travel in the City is made by public transport as against a minimum of 70% recommended by the study group or alternative systems of urban transport system. The modal split between bus and train will have to change from 88:12 (2004) to 60:40 (2026). It calls for a strategy reorienting the travel by appropriately manipulating the policies so as to increase the share of Public Transport. Hence, there is an urgent need to study the land use transport interaction along the suburban rail corridor to increase patronage. The northern region suburban railway line of Chennai Metropolitan Area is taken as the study from Chennai Central to Gummidipoondi. An opinion survey has been conducted during morning and evening peak period to know the opinion of the train passenger, mode used and distance traveled from origin to station and station to destination was collected. It is found that the majority of originating points are within 2.50km from the station locations. Hence, in this study an attempt is made to find the trend of land use disposition in various periods. Land use map prepared by digital image processing methods using ERDAS Imagine 8.7 software, panchromatic aerial photograph, IRS1D, IRS P6 LISS III Digital data. As the assessment of patronage along the corridor involves a large number of complex and dynamic variables suitable simulation software, namely a dynamic package called STELLA is used to develop the model and test the same for various simulations. Application of this model to similar urban area with moderate modifications will prove to be valid. Further, the model can also be ext

This research focused on the identification and mapping of the spatial distribution of health care facilities of the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) projects in Kaduna North and South Local Governments, Kaduna State, Nigeria. The research utilized the technology of Geographic Information Systems to add value to information for public health facilities mapping, planning and decision making. In this research work, the primary data was the geographical data of the MDGs health care facilities sourced through GPS from the field. The secondary data was the topological map of Kaduna North and South Local Governments, sourced from the archive of the GIS Laboratory, Department of Geography, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria. The data were analyzed using Ilwis 3.2a GIS Software. The analyzed data was presented using tables and maps. The study reveals that most of the Health Care Facilities were not evenly distributed in the study area, thereby, depriving the other sections easy access to these Health Care Facilities. It was also discovered that there was the problem of malfunctioning of some of the Health Care Facilities, most especially the boreholes. This made some areas to be over served while others were under served.

Hyper-immunoglobulin E syndrome (Job syndrome) is a rare primary immunodeficiency with variable presentation, characterized by recurrent infections, facial dimorphism, eczema, scoliosis, joint hyper-extensibility, pathologic fractures, very high IgE (>2000 IU/mL), severe eosinophilia and variable impaired T cell function. We present a case of Hyperimmunoglobulin E syndrome in neonate with review of the literature. J Microbiol Infect Dis 2013; 3(3): 144-146.

This paper intends to study how the religiouscommunity is determined by the geographicalexpression and by the political boundary. Incolonial Indian census, there was a category of tribalreligion which disappeared after political freedom ofIndia. All non- Muslim and non Christian tribals wereassumed as a Hindu in post colonial census. Theassimilation of the faith of minority by the religiousmajority through the imagined political boundary or socalled the national movement is part of my researchendeavour. I will try to figure out how the politicalboundary became a determining force in reconstructinga religious community or how the faith of tribals wasreplaced by Hinduism. In this paper I will focus on twotribes of Chotanagpur i.e. Munda and Oraon. How thefaith of tribal in general and the religion of Mundas andthe Oraons in particular got changed through theconcept of Indianisation will be the key point ofdiscussion in this paper. It would be interesting to knowhow far the dominant majoritarian politics of Hinduismincorporated and assimilated the tribal faith intoHinduism through the ‘imagined native religion’ whichperhaps was none other than Hinduism.

This paper is the second part of a TETFUND sponsored research carried out to examine trends of climatic variables in Taraba State Nigeria. Previous studies concentrated on the evidence of climate change in the state, awareness of climate change among students of tertiary institutions in the state and farmers perception and adaptation to climate change in northern Taraba. There is need to examine the trend and pattern of climatic variables in the whole state. This knowledge gap may greatly reduce the failures in measures to develop a state wide effective monitoring, adaptation and mitigation measures to climate change in the study area. Climatic data such as mean monthly and annual temperature and rainfall totals and rain days per annum for the four meteorological stations in the state (Lau, Gassol, Ibi and Gembu) for a period of 30 to 35 years was obtained. These were used in calculating the mean temperature, mean monthly rainfall, annual rainfall, the onset, cessation and length of rainy season. The result shows that all the stations exhibited a similar trend of increasing temperature with exception of Gembu where the temperature is decreasing. Annual rainfall show increasing trend in the southern and central part of the state with exception of Lau in the northern part of the state. All the four stations where synoptic data were obtained (Gembu, Gassol, Ibi and Lau) shows late onset of rain, while only Ibi show late cessation of rains. Length of rainy season show decreasing trend in all the stations with exception of Ibi, where It is relatively stable. The implication of such a trend, mean a reduction in annual rainfall, and hence reduced crop yield, especially if the trend persisted for a long period of time, which can lead to a tendency towards a drier condition.

Now-a-days production of Bio-fuel is a prime concern in the world due to decrease other fuel source. The conversion of devdaru seeds into pyrolytic oil by fixed bed reactor has been taken into consideration in this study. A fixed bed pyrolysis system has been designed and fabricated for obtaining liquid fuel from biomass solid wastes. The major components of the system are: fixed bed reactor, liquid condenser and liquid collectors. The devdaru seeds in particle form is pyrolized in an externally heated7.6 cm diameter and 46 cm high fixed bed reactor with nitrogen as the carrier gas. The reactor is heated by means of a cylindrical biomass source heater. Rice husk, cow dung and charcoal are used as the energy source. The products are oil, char and gas. The parameters varied are reactor bed temperature, running time and feed particle size. The parameters are found to influence the product yields significantly. The maximum liquid yield is 51 wt% at 5000C for a feed size of <1.18 mm at a gas flow rate of 5 liter/min with a running time of 90 minute. The pyrolysis oil obtained at these optimum process conditions are analyzed for some of their properties as an alternative fuel. We get the higher heating value of devdaru seeds oil is 24.22 MJ/kg. The heating value of the oil is moderate.

This paper used a gender and development (GAD)approachandexploreshowM.G.NREGAisopeninganewwindowfortheeaseoflivelihoodforruralwomeninIndia.MGNREGAisthefirstrightbasedanddemanddrivenemploymentgeneratingactofthecountrywhichensuressome special provisions for rural women. The focus of the actistomainstreamtheruralwomenintothecontemporarydiscourseofeconomicdevelopment.MGNREGSistheoutcome of this act. This paper keeps an inner look about theexpectations from this scheme for the development of womenlivelihoodinruralareasandthechallengesingroundlevelimplementation.Theproblemaddressedinthispaperisthewomenworkissuesgeneratingwiththesuccessfulimplementation of the scheme. It is important to find out howthefullbenefitsoftheschemecanbeexplored.Thisexploration is needed for a large societal benefit and improvedrural livelihood. For entire study, a twofold approach is taken.Firstistheanalysisofavailableliteraturestounderstandthepossible outcomes ofthe scheme with current discourses ofeconomicdevelopment.Second,analysisofprimaryandsecondary data for revealing the characteristics of the problembasedongenderdynamicsoftheregion.Thisstudyrelatesfindingsfromthefieldsurveyof210samplesinthestateofWest Bengal, India. Intensive field study has identified severalpositiveoutcomeslikesavingoftimefordomesticworks,mainstreamingofwomenlabour,generationofincomeandlivelihoodsecurityforvillagewomen,reorganizationofwomen’s work etc with wide regional variations. The study hasidentifiedmajorchallengestogetthesebenefits.Theresultdrawn from the study is general and regionally applicable.

A societywhereinsurgencybecomesrelevanttoachieveapoliticalobjectiveisonitswaytocrisis.CrisisaboundsinAfrica.Thereisaneedforsocio-politicalreorderingtoassistNigeriaindevelopmentandforcegovernment to look into matters before it is too late. The originofmilitiainsurgencywastheneedtoforcegovernmenttointerveneinthedegeneratedsocio-politicalsituationinthedifferent parts of the country. Militia groups situated within theNiger delta region having existed for sometime re-engineeredinto a more active survivalist and well focused cartel going intoa bit of extremity. This forced government to rise to the need oftheNigerDeltaandtheamnestysituationyieldedtherightresult in the establishment of the ministry of the Niger delta, aneducationalsponsorshipofex–militantsandaneedforthecurrent constitutional review,. This paper discussed suggestedavenues to assist government in early intervention and preventcivil society intervention through militia formation to move thecountry forward.