The research was carried out in ten states of the country and the results from the communities revealed the backwardness in the provision of sustainable sanitation technology which indicates the whole Nigeria is still having great problem of sustainable sanitation. There should be serious enlightenment campaign about sustainable sanitation technology within Nigeria, while the provision of water by the government to all communities at considerable and affordable cost should be intensified. There should be re-introduction of Public Health Workers in ascertaining provision of good sanitary technology just as in the 70’s. Pre-site and post-site visit by the planners before and after given approval for any building to be constructed in Nigeria generally, (especially when the building is to be used for commercial or residential purposes).

The present Darjeeling District was formed in 1866 where Kalimpong was transformed to the Darjeeling District. It is to be noted that during Bhutanese regime Kalimpong was within the Western Duars. After the Anglo-Bhutanese war 1866 Kalimpong was transferred to Darjeeling District and the western Duars was transferred to Jalpaiguri District of the undivided Bengal. Hence the Darjeeling District was formed with the ceded territories of Sikkim and Bhutan. From the very beginning both Darjeeling and Western Duars were treated excluded area. The population of the Darjeeling was Composed of Lepchas, Nepalis, and Bhotias etc. Mech-Rajvamsis are found in the Terai plain. Presently, Nepalese are the majority group of population. With the introduction of the plantation economy and developed agricultural system, the British administration encouraged Nepalese to Settle in Darjeeling District. It appears from the census Report of 1901 that 61% population of Darjeeling belonged to Nepali community.1 The Nepali language used in Darjeeling in the admixture of various Kura or dialects used by different castes and tribes who have their own distinct dialect like Sherpakura, Limukura, Rajkura etc. Due to social intercourse in the Tea gardens and market places among the different caste and tribes in the hills, this khaskura or Gorkha language developed. In due Course KhasKura or Gorkhali language became the lingua-franca in the hill 2. The emergence of this syncretism language had helped Gorkha ethnicity. Since mid 1930 a new middle class began to emerge among the Gorkhas. With the emergence of this new middle class feeling of Nepalese sub-regionalism began to grow. The formation of Nepali Sahitya Sammelan helped to grow a sense of love for the Gorkha language and culture 3. In order to establish fraternity among Lepcha, Bhutias and Nepalese Hill people social union was established in 1934. It’s another motto was to look after the upliftment of the Hill people.

The pneumonic adenocarcinoma (P-ADC) is defined as primary lung ADC with a radiological pneumonic presentation, usually referred to histologically as ADC with a mixed-invasive and BAC (bronchioloalveolar carcinoma) predominant subtype in the 2004 WHO classification. Invasive mucinous adenocarcinoma (IMA) formerly classified as mucinous BAC usually presents consolidative opacities mimicking pneumonia on CT, on the contrary such pneumonic type adenocarcinoma may occur in nonmucinous adenocarcinoma (NMA) formerly classified as nonmucinous BAC. These tumors should be separated into different categories, because they have clinical, pathologic and genetic differences1)2)3). We compare the CT findings of the pneumonic type adenocarcinoma between IMA and NMA in 20 patients. CT findings of IMA and NMA were compared based on the characteristics of consolidation and accessory opacities. Pleural efuusion and lymphadenopathy were also analyzed. Two CT findings of cavitation or cyst and bulging fissure were statistically significantly different by Fisher’s exact test between them.

This article talks about the dynamic of the formation of Semarang cultural identity especially Semarang arts and Semarang ritual tradition. Semarang is a city which has an unique growth and character. Based on traditional historical resources, Semarang had been already existed since the period of the expansion of Hindu culture. Its early development as a city ran parallel with the islamization in this region. Semarang was formed administratively on May 2 - 1547, when Ki Pandanarang II was chosen as the regent of this city by the Sultan of Pajang kingdom, Hadiwijaya. The administrative development of Semarang could not be separated from its good economic and geographical position. Because of its strategic position, the Dutch came to occupy this region and also spread its political, economic, social, and cultural influences in this region. To face these influences of foreign cultures, the people of Semarang took the way of peace and hybrid, so it could be argued that Semarang become a good medium of hybrid culture. This could also be concluded that Semarang is a maritime city which can be viewed as a good medium for strengthening Indonesian national identity: unity in diversity.

During the past few years, the Jordanian economy has been transformed. Economic reform in Jordan covered several areas, including the deregulation of business sectors, the privatisation of public services, and the elimination of trade barriers. These reforms may be interlocked. For example, the rapid development of ICTs made it necessary for the telecommunications sector in Jordan to become the first public enterprise to be privatised. Currently, this sector provides customers with variety of services and products that were unavailable to them before the start of privatisation process.

A new measure, called average code word length of order and type has been defined and its relationship with a result of Tuteja and Bhaker ‘useful’ inaccuracy measure has been discussed. Using , some noiseless coding theorems for discrete noiseless channel has been proved. The results obtained in this paper generalizes some well known results available in the literature.

Climate and rainfall are highly non-linear and complicated phenomena, which require classical, modern and detailed models to obtain accurate prediction. In order to attain precise forecast, a modern method termed fuzzy time series that belongs to the first order and time-variant method was used to analyse rainfall since it has become an attractive alternative to traditional and non-parametric statistical methods. In this paper, we present tools for modelling and predicting the behavioural pattern in rainfall phenomena based on past observations. The paper introduces three fundamentally different approaches for designing a model, the statistical method based on autoregressive integrated moving average (ARIMA), the emerging fuzzy time series(FST) model and the non-parametric method(Theil’s regression). In order to evaluate the prediction efficiency, we made use of 31 years of annual rainfall data from year 1982 to 2012 of Ibadan South West, Nigeria. The fuzzy time series model has it universe of discourse divided into 13 intervals and the interval with the largest number of rainfall data is divided into 4 sub-intervals of equal length. Three rules were used to determine if the forecast value under FST is upward 0.75–point, middle or downward 0.25-point. ARIMA (1, 2, 1) was used to derive the weights and the regression coefficients, while the theil’s regression was used to fit a linear model. The performance of the model was evaluated using mean squared forecast error (MAE), root mean square forecast error (RMSE) and Coefficient of determination ( . The study reveals that FTS model can be used as an appropriate forecasting tool to predict the rainfall, since it outperforms the ARIMA and Theil’s models.

Drive control system plays important roles in pipeline robot. In order to inspect the flaw and corrosion of seabed crude oil pipeline, an original mobile pipeline robot with crawler drive unit, power and monitor unit, central control unit, and ultrasonic wave inspection device is developed. Considering the limited space, a compact hardware system is designed based on an ARM processor with controllers. With made-to-order protocol for the crawl robot, an intelligent drive control system is developed. The implementation of the crawl robot demonstrates that the presented drive control scheme can meet the motion control requirements of the underwater pipeline crawl robot.

Introduction: As Fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) is the primary investigation for the management of thyroid lesions, its interpretation is very crucial.The Bethesda System for Reporting Thyroid Cytopathology (TBSRTC) for clarity of communication recommends that each case should be reported in 1 of 6 general diagnostic categories facilitating communication among the managing team of doctors and leaves almost no confusion regarding the management of thyroid lesions. Aim: To study utility of The Bethesda system of reporting thyroid cytopathology. Materials and Method: During period of 1 year from 1st January to 31st December 2012 aspiration cytology has been carried out in 160 thyroid swellings referred to cytology department of a tertiary care hospital in Surat. Fine needle aspiration cytology was performed using mainly non-aspiration and aspiration techniques. All the cases were reported using TBSRTC. Cases were followed whenever possible.

This paper is largely devoted for building a novel approach which is able to explain biological phenomena like splicing, promoter gene identification, disease and disorder identification, and to acquire and exploit biological data. This paper also presents an overview on the artificial neural network based computational intelligence technique to infer and analyze biological information from wide spectrum of complex problems .Bioinformatics and computational intelligence are new research area which integrates many core subjects such as chemistry, biology, medical science, mathematics, computer and information science. Since most of the problems in bioinformatics are inherently hard, ill defined and possesses overlapping boundaries. Neural networks have proved to be effective in solving those problems where conventional com-putation tools failed to provide solution. Our experiments demonstrate the endeavor of biological phenomena as an effec-tive description for many intelligent applications. Having a computational tool to predict genes and other meaningful in-formation is therefore of great value, and can save a lot of expensive and time consuming experiments for biologists. This paper will focus on issues related to design methodology comprising neural network to analyze biological information and investigate them for powerful applications.