Traditional pattern growth-based approaches for sequential pattern mining derive length- (k + 1) patterns based on the projected databases of length-k patterns recursively. At each level of recursion, they unidirectionally grow the length of detected patterns by one along the suffix of detected patterns, which needs k levels of recursion to find a length-k pattern. In this paper, a novel data structure, UpDown Directed Acyclic Graph (UDDAG), is invented for efficient sequential pattern mining. UDDAG allows bidirectional pattern growth along both ends of detected patterns. Thus, a length-k pattern can be detected in | log2 k + 1| levels of recursion at best, which results in fewer levels of recursion and faster pattern growth. When minSup is large such that the average pattern length is close to 1, UDDAG and PrefixSpan have similar performance because the problem degrades into frequent item counting problem. However, UDDAG scales up much better. It often outperforms PrefixSpan by almost one order of magnitude in scalability tests. UDDAG is also considerably faster than Spade and LapinSpam. Except for extreme cases, UDDAG uses comparable memory to that of PrefixSpan and less memory than Spade and LapinSpam. Additionally, the special feature of UDDAG enables its extension toward applications involving searching in large spaces.

This paper presents a suitable mathematical model of Hydro-Thermal (H-T), Wind-Diesel (W-D) and Combined Cycle Gas Turbine (CCGT) system under deregulated environment. The variable power consumption as well as intermittent load variation may cause large fluctuations on system frequency. To reduce the system oscillations Superconducting Magnetic Energy Storage (SMES) and Capacitive Energy Storage (CES), which will supply and absorb active, reactive powers quickly, can be applied. In addition, variation of system parameters, load and unpredictable power demands cause various uncertainties in the system. Energy storage devices so far designed without considering such uncertainties may lose control effect. To enhance the robustness of storage devices, this paper focuses on a new SMES and CES robust frequency controllers are designed for three area power system. The coprime factorization method is used to represent the unstructured uncertainties in a system modeling. The structure of SMES and CES controller are the practical first order lead/lag compensator. To tune the controller parameters, the optimization problem is formulated based on loop shaping technique. The particle swarm optimization (PSO) is applied to solve the problem to achieve the controller parameters and also to optimize the Integral Controllers of three area power system in deregulated environment.

The enormous consequences of the wanton devastation of the environment inspired this study that evaluated the environmental conservation in Owerri West Area of Imo State, Nigeria. The objectives of the study included; to determine the socio-economic characteristics of the farmers, ascertain the farmers environment conservation information needs, investigate their environmental conservation practices and identify the problem militating against sustainable environment conservation practices. The data for the study were collected from 120 randomly selected farmers from 6 communities out the 18 existing communicates in the area of study. The data collected were analyzed with the use of descriptive statistics such as frequency counts, percentages, mean. The result showed that farmers needed information in the area of environmental disaster management and funding sources for environmental management. The perceived effects of environmental conservation were to improve the farmers’ socio-economic life and reduce hazards. The results also showed that inadequate knowledge base of environmental conservation practices was a major problem militating against environmental conservation and that maturing was the most conservation practice carried out by the farmers. It was however recommended that extension education campaigns on environmental conservation practices should be intensified and the socio-economic determinants of the farmers’ information needs be considered in interventions and advocacies.

The importance of insurance in mitigating food insecurity necessitated this study that analyzed rural cassava farmers’ participation in the Nigeria agricultural insurance scheme in Imo State, Nigeria. The study focused on the socio-economic differentials of participants and non participant; reasons for participation and determinants of participation. Data collected from 90 sampled cassava farmers using structured questionnaire and interview schedule were analyzed with the aid of percentage count, frequency tables, z-test and logit regression model at 0.05 levels of significance. The result shows socio-economic differentials in the age, education, farming experience and social organization membership, status of participants and non participants in the scheme. The reasons for participation included to acquire loan and continue in business even after suffering losses, and for non – participation included inadequate knowledge of the scheme and cost of insurance, the socioeconomic and farm enterprise characteristics of age, education, marital status, farming status, farming experience, farm size and credit opportunity determined the farmers participant in the scheme. It was recommended that extension education campaign be mounted for enlightenment on the scheme and consideration should be given to the farmers socio-economic and farm enterprise characteristics in designing intervention strategies and advocacy on the scheme.

The objective of this study is to assess the feasibility of a data mining association analysis technique in early prediction of esophageal varices in cirrhotic patients and prediction of risky groups candidates for urgent interventional procedure. A manuscript titled “Detection of Risky Esophageal varices using 2D U/S: when to perform Endoscopy”, published in The American Journal of The Medical Science on 21Th of December 2012, to our knowledge it was the first prospective study to assess the degree of esophageal varices by 2D ultrasound using the data mining statistical computed analysis in 673 patients. A descriptive model was generated using a decision tree algorithm (Rapid Miner, version 4.6, Berlin, Germany), the over all accuracy was 95%. Following another 59 patients using statistical analysis to determine the association between esophageal variceal degrees detected by Ultrasound in comparable to Upper Endoscopy, was done. Categorical data were compared using the x2 test, where as continuous variables were compared using Student’s t test. The comparative results accuracy of both two studies was 97.9%.

Although optical fiber communication is the best for transmitting data at a high rate, we are trying to push the data rate even higher. While the fiber channel may be capable of transmitting terabit-per-second data rates, no existing single communication system can make complete use of this speed. Adding more and more fibers to the system as a method of increasing speed is uneconomical. Optical fibers in discussion that guide signals in the form of light are typically made of from two glasses. It is a cylindrical in shape waveguide consisting of a higher refractive index solid glass core which runs down middle of the fiber. The other solid glass with a lower refractive index surrounds the core and makes the homogeneous cladding. The two glasses are made of from the common material silica. Photonic crystal fibers can be divided into two modes of operation, according to their mechanism for confinement. Those with a solid core, or a core with a higher average index than the micro structured cladding, can operate on the same index-guiding principle as conventional optical fiber. They can have a much higher effective- refractive index contrast between core and cladding, and therefore can have much stronger confinement for applications in nonlinear optical devices, polarizationmaintaining fibers. Alternatively, one can create a photonic band gap fiber, in which the light is confined by a photonic band gap created by the micro structured cladding – such a band gap, properly designed, can confine light in a lowerindex core and even a hollow core. Band gap fibers with hollow cores can potentially circumvent limits imposed by available materials, for example to create fibers that guide light in wavelengths for which transparent materials are not available. Another potential advantage of a hollow core is that one can dynamically introduce materials into the core, such as a gas that is to be analyzed for the presence of some substance. MOF can also be modified by coating the

The role of plasmid-borne genes in the biodegradation of Chevron Escravos Crude Oil by bacteria was determined. Plasmid extraction and curing, transformation experiments and biodegradation studies were carried out using standard procedures. Plasmid extraction studies showed that two of the six selected crude oil degrading bacterial isolates had two plasmids each. The isolates were Klebsiellaaerogenesfrom ripe pawpaw fruit and Serratiamarscescens from oil palm mill effluent. The plasmids were of small (300bp) and large (>1.5kbp) sizes. The results also showed that the isolates were successfully cured of plasmids using 1% Sodium Dodecyl Sulphate (SDS). The transformation experiment using the extracted plasmid DNA and competent Escherichia coli K12 DH1 cells was successful. The percentage degradation of crude oil at 37oC by E. coli K12 DH1 transformed with the plasmid DNA from Klebsiellaaerogeneswas 93.03%while that transformed with the plasmid DNA fromSerratiamarscescens degraded 76.97% of the crude oil. It was observed that loss of plasmids byKlebsiellaaerogenesand Serratiamarscescens did not lead to complete loss of their degradative abilities. It only resulted in reduction in their degradation potential. These findings showed that plasmid encoded genes play a role in crude oil degrading capability of bacterial isolates.

This paper focuses on the problem of Transmission loss allocation in a power system .It is a centralized issue in today’s deregulated market. Due to non linear nature of line flows, it is necessary to allocate the real power losses effectively without affecting the market participants. In this paper a simple novel methodologies are proposed to allocate the real power losses to the market participants by using simple circuits’ laws and loss formulae .These methodologies are tested on IEEE 5-Bus and IEEE 30-Bus systems. The simulation results are compared by using MATLAB environment and analyzed.

This study employs two approaches to assess efficiency of Islamic and Conventional banks in Pakistan by using Ratio analysis technique and a non parametric Data Envelopment Analysis technique. This research study considers 19 banks over the period of 2007-2011. The findings reveal in both methods that conventional banks are performing better than Islamic banks. This research study differ from other studies in respect that it uses two approaches to evaluate efficiency of public, private, foreign and Islamic banks. Furthermore, efficiency under Data Envelopment Analysis is evaluated by considering input and output oriented measures while lending funds, deposits and portfolio investments are taken as an output variable while input variables are borrowed funds and capital. This study calculates technical, pure and scale efficiency.

There are a number of known suicide risk factors. Nevertheless, these risk factors are not necessarily closely related in time to the onset of suicidal behaviors – nor does any risk factor alone increase or decrease risk. Population-based research suggests that the risk for suicide increases with an increase in the number of risk factors present, such that when more risk factors are present at any one time the more likely that they indicate an increased risk for suicidal behaviors at that time. Child maltreatment has been investigated as a suicide risk for decades. The aim of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of women from the general population with suicidal ideas or attempts and add to the actual literature a larger perspective of different types of maltreatment in regards to experiences such as neglect, psychological, physical or sexual abuse, and its association to risk factor for suicide ideas and attempts. Data were collected during a telephone survey held between March and May, 2012 among a sample of 1,001 female adult respondents from Kenyan Public Universities. Questions were selected to investigate childhood maltreatment as a risk factor for probable depression, and actual post-traumatic stress disorders, and suicidal behaviours in the course of their lives. Regression analysis indicates a positive association between sexual abuse and suicidal ideations, as well as a positive association between sexual abuse, psychological abuse, probable depression and suicide attempts. Respondents, who attempted suicide, were two to three times more likely to have experienced the presence of sexual or psychological abuse in the past and four times more likely to have been screened for a probable depression. Interventions that target the early reduction of sexual or psychological abuse, may translate into ulterior reduction in mental health and suicidal behaviours.