Anatomical features of some selected wood species were investigated in this study. The microscopic properties such as rays, vessels and fibre dimensions were related to the other properties such as the mechanical properties. This study reflected the implication of large pores in Ceiba pentandra, Bombax and some other wood species in printing papers which may require some fillers before they are finished to a smooth surface. The effects of density, small lumen, thick cell wall and some deposits are also presented. Wood micrographs showing microscopic features unique to Ceiba pentandra, Bombax bounopozense and Ricinodendron heudelotii were included as these anatomical properties could explain the reason why some wood are used for different categories construction purposes, furniture, particle boards, matches, boxes, crates, cabinet making and paper. Small-vessel wood species such as Nesogordomia papaverifera, Diospyros mespiliformis and Mansonia altissima were also discussed to possess characteristics that have bestowed fine texture and are often heavy and therefore are often used for flooring, tool handles, sculpture (as in Diospyros mespiliformis) and other heavy constructional purposes.

For a long period, populations of Helminthostachys zeylanica (L.) Hook. have mostly been restricted in few geographic ranges due to alternation of their actual / potential habitat conditions. To find out the potential habitat of Helminthostachys zeylanica it is significant to identify their phytoassociates as well as the nature of association. Apart from the habitat and community analysis, present study also highlighted a strong positive correlation in association of Helminthostachys zeylanica with other co-existed plants of the forest. Present study depict some strong possibilities of true positive association between Vetiveria zizanioides (L.) Nash, Barringtonia acutangula (L.) Gaertn. and Antidesma acidum Retz., and also a strong negative correlation in association with Eucalyptus globulus Labill. Pearson correlation coefficient for interspecific covariance support there was a strong positive correlation in the density value for Helminthostachys zeylanica and Barringtonia acutangula. These findings depict the importance of presence of Vetiveria zizanioides, Barringtonia acutangula in the present habitat for establishment and increase of population size of Helminthostachys zeylanica

A comparative study was carried out in two different valleys of Ganga river system viz; Alaknanda and Bhagirathi. In both of valleys total 134 species with 118 genera and 56 families were recorded. Poaceae was the dominant family representing maximum (11) number of species followed by Asteraceae (10) Fabaceae (9) and Lamiaceae (9). In different vegetation strata a total of 39 species were encountered under tree layer, 36 species were under shrub layer and 59 species were under herb layer in both of the valleys. Out of them 31 tree species were recorded in Alaknanda valley and 27 were in Bhagirathi valley. In shrub layer 32 and 30 species were recorded in Alaknanda and Bhagirathi valley respectively. In the herb layer Bhagirathi valley showed highest (51) species richness in its influence zone and submergence zone (45). The proportion of family to species was recorded greater in both of valleys compare to the proportion of family to genus and genus to species.

Studies related to the valuation of urban environmental amenities like water bodies, green spaces and clean air are very scarce in developing countries. The present study is a first of its kind in India where Hedonic Pricing Method (HPM) has been used to study the impact of key environmental attributes like proximity of an urban lake having good water quality, parks/gardens, clean air and traffic noise attenuation on the market rates of residential plots in a planned city. Two functional hedonic pricing models, double log with weighted least square and ordinary least square, were constructed. Both the models offered comparable and reliable results. Proximity to Sukhna lake of Chandigah city and Leisure valley chain of green spaces raised housing prices by about 10 % and 2 % respectively. Air quality showed significant improvement near green spaces. The study demonstrates that there is significant scope of enhancing government controlled collector rate of urban residential property in areas near to Sukhna lake. The revenue so realized could be ploughed back in conservation efforts of the lake and expanding the green spaces in the city. Values accorded to urban environmental amenities in the study can justify the public spending and seek more funding for the betterment of urban water bodies and green spaces in developing countries.

In this paper is outlined an action-oriented philosophy of information, namely praxiological information. The praxiological kind of knowledge and some of its species (behavior, communication, computation, information, attention, learning,) are introduced by the method of generalization and classification. By exploiting the metaphor of the spectrum of colors, the architectures of behavior, communication and computation are shown as if they were primary colors: red, yellow and blue. The architecture of information (green) is introduced by joining together the architecture of computation (blue) and communication (yellow). The principle of information, that is the Data Operational Principle, is stated; the informational bearers, that is messages, are explained; the informational criteria, that is connectivity and compatibility, are outlined; The architecture of attention (orange) is introduced by joining together the architecture of behavior (red) and that of communication (yellow). The criterion of attention, that is relevance, is pointed out.

Pakistan economy is one those economies that has received a huge amount of foreign aid. Foreign aid has been considered to help capital-deficient economies to fulfill the desired levels of finances to generate growth, increase employment and income, and furthermore, it helps to alleviate poverty levels in the recipient economies. Present study focuses on the analysis of impact of foreign aid on income inequality in Pakistan. Since time series data is used for the analysis so the ADF and Phillip-Perron unit root test are applied to find out each of the time series to be stationary at its first difference. Johansen contegration test and vector error correction models are employed to examine the long run and short run impacts of growth, foreign aid, foreign direct investment, and labor force participation rate on income inequality, respectively. The cointegration test results confirm negative impact of economic growth on income inequality whereas foreign aid, foreign direct investment and labor force participation rate are concluded to have inequality increasing impacts. The results are statistically significant. Vector error correction model results showed long run causality as the coefficient of error correction term has the negative and significant coefficient. The Engle-Granger causality test showed bidirectional causality between aid and growth. The study also draws some conclusions and policy recommendations.

A mobile ad hoc network (MANET) is an interconnected system of mobile hosts without a fixed infrastructure. In MANETs, each mobile host has multi-hop transmission capability, and it has to serve as a router. Owing to the dynamic topology and limited resources of mobile hosts, the routing scheme in MANETs presents an important challenge. In this study, a Enhancement of Network Life Time using Binary Tree Based Multicast Routing Protocol for MANET is proposed. In this proposed scheme, all nodes are randomly classified into two types, group-1 and group-2. To achieve the load balance, two multicast trees (tree-1 for group-1 and tree-2 for group-2) are constructed. The proposed system mainly focused on maintaining route stability. Thus proposed system outperform AOMDV version of AODV in term of Performance evaluation metrics such as packet delivery ratio, control overhead , Network life time, Normalized delay.

An experiment was conducted from July 2004 to October 2005 at IAAS Livestock Farm, Rampur under 14 years old Melia azedarach tree(maintained 1200 stems/ha) shadeto study the dried weight yield potentiality of common fodder grasses, grown with tropical legumes and their persistency. A split Plot Design (SPD) was employed with three replications with three different canopy levels (trees pruned at 3m, 4m and 5m from the ground and one open) as main plots and four forage mixtures as subplots. Shade level was maintained by pruning the trees throughout the experiment. The shade level at the initial phase was measured by LUX-101 Lux Meter (Model No.44147) at August, 2004 and was standardized for low (72%irradiance to open) medium (64%irradiance to open) and heavy (58 % irradiance to open). Number of tillers/plant in fodder grasses decreased as the shade level increased in all the harvests whereas blue panic always had the highest number of tillers/plant (P<0.001) in all shade levels. Likewise, cumulative dried weight yield of (2004 and 2005 harvests) fodder grasses also decreased as the shade level increased. Nevertheless, the effect of shade was similar (P>0.05) Furthermore, highest cumulative dried weight yield was in open condition (63.29 t/ha) followed by low shade 26.50 t/ha (42% to that of open t/ha) whilst, the cumulative dried weight yield in medium shade remained 27% and it was only 21% in heavy shade to that of open. It can be concluded that Panicum antidotale can be grown in summer under high density plantations at least for two harvests. The the selection of forage species is more important criterion of silvipastoral work than the maintenance of shade level.

The present paper is an attempt to analyse the spatial patterns of regional disparities, variations in the levels of agricultural development and casual relationship between agricultural development (dependent variable) and selected variables of regional disparities (independent variables) among the districts of the state of Uttar Pradesh. The study utilizes published data obtained from Census of India and other statistical records at district level. Some standard statistical techniques are used in the present Study. The district has been taken as a smallest unit of the study.

In the paper, dynamic simulation of landing impact of a large transport aircraft, based on a non-linear dynamical model that allows for touchdown analysis of an aircraft 3D landing is presented. The aircraft model is shaped as a multibody system with variable kinematical structure. The model includes discontinuous dynamics of the main landing gear shock absorber, tire dynamics and wheel spin-up effect. The aerodynamic loads are considered, too. Because of its great influence on an aircraft ground dynamical behavior and landing gear subparts loads determination, dynamical model of the main gear shock absorber is presented in more details. Based on the developed model, the touchdown impacts of a transport aircraft for different 3D flight-landing parameters (one gear landing cases) are simulated with the focus on the main gear shock absorbers loads determination.